Prostate cancer is the second highest cause of cancer mortality after lung tumours. In USA it affects about 2.8 million men and the incidence increases with age in many countries. Therefore, early diagnosis is a very important step for patient clinical evaluation and for a selective and efficient therapy. The study of miRNAs' functions and molecular mechanisms has brought new knowledge in biological processes of cancer. In prostate cancer there is a deregulation of several miRNAs that may function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. The aim of this review is to analyze the progress made to our understanding of the role of miRNA dysregulation in prostate cancer tumourigenesis.

Objective: To compare the surface roughness of different orthodontic archwires. Materials and Methods: Four nickel-titanium wires (SentalloyH, SentalloyH High Aesthetic, Titanium Memory ThermaTi LiteH, and Titanium Memory EstheticH), three b-titanium wires (TMAH, Colored TMAH, and Beta TitaniumH), and one stainless-steel wire (Stainless SteelH) were considered for this study. Three samples for each wire were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Three-dimensional images were processed using Gwiddion software, and the roughness average (Ra), the root mean square (Rms), and the maximum height (Mh) values of the scanned surface profile were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post hoc test (P , .05). Results: The Ra, Rms, and Mh values were expressed as the mean 6 standard deviation. Among as-received archwires, the Stainless Steel (Ra 5 36.6 6 5.8; Rms 5 48 6 7.7; Mh 5 328.1 6 64) archwire was less rough than the others (ANOVA, P , .05). The Sentalloy High Aesthetic was the roughest (Ra 5 133.5 6 10.8; Rms 5 165.8 6 9.8; Mh 5 949.6 6 192.1) of the archwires. Conclusions: The surface quality of the wires investigated differed significantly. Ion implantation effectively reduced the roughness of TMA. Moreover, TeflonH-coated Titanium Memory Esthetic was less rough than was ion-implanted Sentalloy High Aesthetic. (Angle Orthod. 2012;82:922-928.)

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of intraoral aging on surface properties of esthetic and conventional nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires. Materials and Methods: Five NiTi wires were considered for this study (Sentalloy, Sentalloy High Aesthetic, Superelastic Titanium Memory Wire, Esthetic Superelastic Titanium Memory Wire, and EverWhite). For each type of wire, four samples were analyzed as received and after 1 month of clinical use by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). To evaluate sliding resistance, two stainless steel plates with three metallic or three monocrystalline brackets, bonded in passive configuration, were manufactured; four as-received and retrieved samples for every wire were pulled five times at 5 mm/min for 1 minute by means of an Instron 5566, recording the greatest friction value (N). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and by Student's t-test. Results: After clinical use, surface roughness increased considerably. The SEM images showed homogeneity for the as-received control wires; however, after clinical use esthetic wires exhibited a heterogeneous surface with craters and bumps. The lowest levels of friction were observed with the as-received Superelastic Titanium Memory Wire on metallic brackets. When tested on ceramic brackets, all the wires exhibited an increase in friction (t-test; P , .05). Furthermore, all the wires, except Sentalloy, showed a statistically significant increase in friction between the as-received and retrieved groups (t-test; P , .05). Conclusion: Clinical use of the orthodontic wires increases their surface roughness and the level of friction. (Angle Orthod. 2014;84:665-672.)

Ametrano G, D'Antò V, Di Caprio MP, Simeone M, Rengo S, Spagnuolo G. Effects of sodium hypochlorite and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on rotary nickeltitanium instruments evaluated using atomic force microscopy. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 203-209, 2011.Aim To use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the surface characteristics of ProTaper rotary nickel-titanium instruments. Methodology A total of twenty ProTaper (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) instruments (S1, S2, F1, F2) were divided into five groups: no immersion, immersion in 5.25% NaOCl for 5 or 10 min and immersion in 17% EDTA for 5 or 10 min. Twenty surface areas along 3-mm sections at the tip of the files (perfect squares of 1 · 1 lm) were analysed by AFM operating in contact mode under ambient conditions. Three-dimensional images (400 · 400 lines) were processed using Gwyddion software, and the roughness average (Ra) and the root mean square value (RMS) of the scanned surface profiles were recorded. Data were analysed by means of anova and paired samples t-test. Results Three-dimensional AFM images of the surface of ProTaper instruments, including new and those immersed in NaOCl and EDTA solutions, revealed topographic irregularities at the nanometric scale. RMS and Ra values of instruments treated with NaOCl and EDTA solutions were statistically higher than that of the new ones (P < 0.05). Conclusions Atomic force microscopy threedimensional images and roughness values indicated that short-term contact between NaOCl and EDTA endodontic irrigants and ProTaper instruments caused alterations in the surface of instruments.