Nanotechnology is rapidly growing with nanoparticles produced and utilized in a wide range of commercial products worldwide. Among the different types of nanomaterials produced, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) occupy a predominant position and they are used in electronics, clothing, food industry, cosmetics and medical devices. Nanosilver has also showed excellent performance in antibacterial application. Nowadays, the increasing use of AgNPs has put the evidence on their possible toxicity to the human health and the impact on the environment. This paper focus on adverse effects of AgNPs in adult of Danio rerio. Fishes exposed to increasing concentrations (8, 45, and 70 μg/l) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 25 nm in average diameter) and after treatment for 30 days, was quickly euthanized in MS-222. We have evaluated bioaccumulation of AgNPs using ICP-MS and analyzed histological changes, biomarkers of oxidative damage and gene expression in the gut, liver and gills tissues of AgNPs-treated zebrafish. The histological analysis showed lesions of secondary lamellae of the gills with different degrees of toxicity such as hyperplasia, lamellar fusion, subepithelial edema, and even in some cases telangiectasia. Huge necrosis of the intestinal villi was found in the gut. No lesion was detected in the liver. The analysis revealed a high expression of metallothioneins 1 (MTs 1) in animals exposed to AgNPs compared to the control group. The ICP-MS analysis shows that the amount of particles absorbed in all treated samples is almost the same. We can affirm that AgNPs toxicity linked more to their size and state of aggregation than to their concentrations. Silver nanoparticles can damage gills and gut because they are able to pass through the mucosal barrier thanks to their small size. The damage is still reversible because it is not documented injury to the basal membrane.
Nanomaterials (NM) have different shapes and can be composed of different materials such as carbon, silicon, and some metals like gold, silver, and titanium. They are used as fillers, catalysts, semiconductors, cosmetics, drug carriers in medicine, energy storage systems, and antifriction coatings. NM are the parent compounds of nanoparticles (NPs), which may be divided into two groups: fullerenes and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). After crossing the cell membrane, NPs may be stored in vesicles, mitochondria, and additional organelles within epithelial cells. They may generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity, as well as denaturation of proteins, apoptosis, and necrosis. Nowadays, new toxicological data are required to assess the potential exposure of the environment and human beings to pollutants. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the toxicity of the metallic nano-composite by the zebrafish embryo toxicity test (ZFET). The methods described here can be easily adapted to other nanocomposites or nanomaterials with some variations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Several compounds from marine organisms have been studied for their potential use in aquaculture. Among the red algae, Asparagopsis taxiformis is considered one of the most promising species for the production of bioactive metabolites with numerous proposed applications. Here, the in vitro antibacterial activity, the easy handling and the absence of adverse effects on marine fish species are reported. Depending on the seasonal period of sampling, ethanol extracts of A. taxiformis exhibited significantly different inhibitory activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. The extract obtained in late spring showed strong antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio alginolyticus, and V. vulnificus, and moderate activity against Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, P. damselae subsp. piscicida, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream were fed with pellets supplied with the alga and algal extracts. The absence of undesired effects on fish was demonstrated. Hematological and biochemical investigations allowed to confirm that the whole alga and its extracts could be proposed for a future application in aquaculture.
A wild adult male conger Conger conger, captured by a SCUBA diver in the waters of coastal Italy, was sent for laboratory analysis due to the presence of multiple productive ulcerous skin lesions localized in the dorso-lateral body area, caudally to the gill operculum under the dorsal fin. The main mass was sessile, ulcerated and hemorrhaging in appearance and was surrounded by several smaller masses, which originated peripherally from the same mass or were isolated, always with a tendency to ulceration. Histology confirmed that the newly formed tissue originated from derma invading the closer tissues. The tumour consisted of spindle cells, each with an ovoidal nucleus and rarely with evident nucleoli, which were arranged in parallel or storiform patterns and were often surrounding blood-filled spaces discontinuously lined by endothelial cells. Tumour tissue was richly vascularized and no mitoses were seen. The overlying epidermis was ulcerated. Masson's trichrome technique indicated the presence of a small amount of perivascular connective tissue. No excessive glycogen storage, bacteria, virus or fungi were detected by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-reaction. Immunohistochemistry showed dot-like or diffuse cytoplasmic positivity against smooth muscle actin and the monoclonal antibody D2-40. CD34 exhibited relevant immunoreactivity at plasma membranes. Growth fraction evaluated using MIB-1 was <1%. Immunoreactions for wide spectrum CK, CK5/6, CK8, CK18, EMA, desmin, myoglobin, S-100, CD20, CD68, GFAP, and NSE were negative. Histopathological and immunohistochemical results supported a diagnosis of angioleiomyoma, a benign tumour of the muscular cellular component of the blood vessels. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such neoplasms in fishes in which monoclonal antibodies work on fish tissues, facilitating a useful immunohistochemical approach for differential diagnosis.
This report describes the clinical, parasitological and pathological findings in a 6-year-old intact female European cat with thoracic and peritoneal tetrathyridiosis, characterized by genital involvement. Physical examination and X-ray evaluation revealed laboured breathing and several pulmonary nodules suggestive of cancer. However, necropsy demonstrated a parasitic aetiology of the disease. Histologically, multifocal granulomas were detected in the lungs, uterus and ovary. Parasitological examination permitted identification of the intestinal parasites as Mesocestoides lineatus, which was later confirmed by molecular examination. The larval forms in the peritoneal and chest cavity were identified as the second stage of the Mesocestoides sp. cestode named Tetrathyridia spp. The chronic injuries observed and the rapid course of the disease from the onset of the symptoms until death suggested a long period without clinical signs and indicate that overt disease can potentially be triggered by a failure of the immune system. The observed oophoritis and metritis identify tetrathyridiosis as a possible differential diagnosis in genital dysfunction.
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