La rilevanza della cultura nelle relazioni internazionali durante la Guerra Fredda fu riconosciuta, ma politicamente ben presto accantonata, dai 35 paesi che il 1° agosto del 1975 firmarono l'Atto Finale di Helsinki, documento istitutivo della Conferenza sulla Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa (CSCE) e acme multilaterale della Détente. Il presente saggio - basato principalmente su fonti documentarie degli archivi CSCE, Nato e dei National Archives del Regno Unito - intende far luce su una delle dimensioni meno studiate del "cesto umanitari" della Conferenza per comprendere se gli aspetti culturali furono elementi facilitatori oppure ostativi nelle discussioni tra i paesi membri, dei quali si ripercorrerà la condotta. Una particolare sottolineatura sarà dedicata al ruolo avuto dalle «cultural personalities» dei due blocchi che, al seguito dei diplomatici, presero parte agli specifici appuntamenti destinati alla cooperazione culturale. Un'analisi dunque volta al passato, ma utile anche per interpretare attuali dinamiche della diplomazia culturale e riflettere su quale può essere oggi, dinnanzi al risorgere degli egoismi nazionali, il ruolo della cultura nelle relazioni internazionali.
The Coronavirus outbreak showed how nobody was prepared to this crisis and to its economic, social and political implications which now represent the main challenge for political actors. However, if the measures taken by national states to curb the sanitary emergency seem to have partially restored their capacity to address the events, the Covid-19 has struck a significant blow to the already fragile multilateral system, as exemplified by the allegations – some of them based on coherent elements of criticism, other with less objective basis and misleading – to the World Health Organization (WHO). To better investigate the impact of this unprecedented crisis on the international institutions and its implications on security, the present article aims first to shed light on how two important organizations as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), have reacted and are acting to this crisis: an aspect just partially covered by the public media and that deserves to be better explored to avoid misleading interpretations. Secondly, trying to offer to the national stakeholders and public opinions a useful way to look on the Covid-19’s impact on these forums, the analysis will also reflect on the possibility that this crisis could be turn by the organizations into an opportunity to relaunch themselves and become more aware of the other elements of concern as health risks, climate change and migration which, even not strictly related with the conventional interpretation of security, are posing undeniable aspects of concern. In front of the contradiction between the emerging of complex global challenges and the deteriorating of the multilateral order, this crisis should foster organizations and states to find a new reason to cooperate in answering to the future global threats, recognizing that a better security is possible only through a comprehensive approach.
The migration crisis involving Europe is a many-sided phenomenon, from the beginning causing significant security challenges for all the countries and international organizations concerned. At the centre of this problem, the migratory routes through the Mediterranean Sea appear to be of peculiar relevance because of the increasing number of illegal trafficking in human beings and alleged terrorism suspects arriving in an uncontrolled way to Europe. As facts have subsequently shown, the European Union (EU) was not prepared to meet this challenge, either on the humanitarian or the security side. Nevertheless, ever since its first attempt to give a common response to the migration emergencythrough the Agenda signed in May 2015the EU was aware that tackling security threats in the Mediterranean waters would be an essential part of the problem. Weeks after, a European Union Mediterranean Naval Force (EUNAVFOR MED) was thus launched, with specific objectives. As a military operation, on one side it was devoted to improving "search and rescue actions" at sea; on the other, it would try to contrast the traffickers" illegal business in human beings, patrolling the area. This paperfollowing an international history perspective and with its specific research methodologyintends to provide an overview of the activity of the Operation Sophia with its potentials and limits. Moreover, the analysis aims at defining the political design at the base of a mission, its weak and contradictory mandate, its operational but also political role, underlining how even a pragmatic instrument like a military operation cannot be left alone to provide security, but needs to play a specific role within the framework of a more comprehensive migration strategy by the European Union to prove itself effective and not a mere corollary.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.