Purpose of the study: The present research aims to explore the oppressed and marginalized Afghan women who are made subaltern socially and religiously. It further reveals the ability of women to endure the violence and to create the vision of women empowerment through their suppressed bodies. Methodology: The primary data of research relies upon the text of A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khalid Hosseini (2007). Further, it has also been collected from secondary sources like articles and reviews mentioned in the reference list. The selected text is analyzed under the theoretical framework of the theory of subaltern by Spivak (1988), utilizing the content analysis. Main findings: The study dismantles the struggles of marginalized women for their survival and to free them from the suffocating chains of repression and violence. Nana, Mariam, and Laila being the subaltern know the word ‘Endurance’ while living in dilapidated social conditions. They show the degree of resistance and then also unite to stand against societal prominence. Mariam- the harami, sacrifices her life for Laila and Laila becomes the voice of her coming generation who can challenge the subaltern attitude and will speak loudly. Application of this study: Utilizing the theory of subaltern by Spivak, this research answers the question “Can the subaltern speak?” as ‘Yes’. It brings a message if the subaltern group combines and stands against the unjust norms, they will no more remain a subaltern and will be applicable for academicians and researchers as well. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is distinctive because it explores the literature that portrays the stories of almost every home and corner of the world. Despite passing phases of woman's rights, the female gender is still being suppressed. It also unveils how gender inequality, poor and gender-biased educational systems, the justice system, and constrained or child marriages are being practised.
The present study helps us to reveal that how global cultural integration, electronic media, technology and global communication, affect on transforming the value system. Values are considered central for human being socialization and development but these values are changing very rapidly due to the process of global cultural integration. There are vagueness, disbeliefs, and suspicions due to these changes, particularly in the consciousness of youth and also losing their identity. The current state of global integration is causing imbalance in the proportion of the common concept of values. The present study aims to provide the sociological analysis of the transforming value system and their effects on Pakistani society. The major purposes of the study were to look at at the major factors that are responsible for the changing the value system and its implication on the society due to rapid development of cross border interaction among human societies. Quantitative method of research was applied. A sample of 150 students was selected by applying multi stage sampling techniques (Stratified and simple Random sampling) from different departments of University of Sargodha. Self administered questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Findings of the study depicted that the existing value system is transforming through the process of global cultural integration and electronic media where the elders respect has been decreased, love marriages are on the increased, children negotiate with their parents, changes in the sentiments of collectivism and individualism is in the fashion in society.
The aim of this research is to deal with the fluid identities of the Muslim migrants settled in America in general and in particular it explores how the conflicts between social and religious values push the protagonist Hayat Shah towards the loss of his personal and religious identity in Ayad Akhtar’s novel ‘American Dervish’ (2012). It describes how survival in a multicultural society particularly by the Muslim migrants becomes painful. Hayat Shah firstly holds on to his remnant tenets of Islamic religion but later he is influenced by the charm of the multicultural modern society of America and struggles in sustaining his Muslim identity and finding his new identity for his personal settlement with the surroundings. In this way, his identity becomes fluid and keeps on changing. The research concludes that the Muslim migrant Hayat couldn’t retain his Muslim identity because he finds his survival only in the adaptation of new, broader, and multicultural settings. This crisis occurs because he has been struck in the issues like religion, mystic philosophy, and cultural conflicts right in his adolescence. It is examined through textual analysis that the journey of Hayat Shah for becoming a Hafiz, and then a Sufi or Dervish comes to an end by availing a new identity of an American. The qualitative research is designed on the descriptive-analytic method by utilizing the approach of Identity Crisis presented by Eric Erickson.
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