Abstract:A series of field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of different seed rates (100, 125 and 150 kg ha -1 ) on yield contributing traits of promising wheat varieties viz. Sarsabz, Kiran-95 and TD-1. The maximum germination, spike length and grains spike -1 was observed under seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 . The maximum plant population was recorded under seed rate of 150 kg ha -1 in Kiran-95 and highest grain weight spike -1 was noted under seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 in TD-1 variety. While maximum plant height was observed in Sarsabz under seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 . The maximum 1000 grain weight was observed under seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 in TD-1; however, highest grain yield was recorded in Kiran-95. The studies about the biological yield revealed that Sarsabz indicated maximum biological yield under seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 and harvest index in TD-1 under seed rate of 150 kg ha -1 . Based on the findings, it is concluded that the Kiran-95 at the seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 performed best, followed by TD-1 and Sarsabz which also produced more yield at seed rate of 125 kg ha -1 .

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ABSTRACT

Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well‐recognized endocrine disruptor and is globally used in the manufacture of many plastic items. Multiple studies suggest links between prenatal BPA exposure and alterations in neurodevelopment and behaviors in children, even at lower levels. This study was conducted to reveal the role of astrocyte morphology and Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in BPA induced cognitive defects in the offspring of Wistar albino rats when exposed during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Methods Dams of Wistar albino rats were exposed to a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of BPA throughout the pregnancy and lactation period until the third postnatal day (PND). After delivery of pups, cognitive tests were carried out on the 21st, 24th, and 28th PNDs. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum GABA levels. On the same day as the blood collections, pups were sacrificed and their right frontal cortices were dissected out. Immunohistochemical analysis for glial fibrillar acidic protein + astrocytes was conducted. Results Pre and postnatal BPA exposure led to anxiety like behavior in pups. This exposure also resulted in reduced serum GABA concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced astrocyte numbers as well as decreased numbers of dendritic spines in the BPA exposed pups. Conclusion BPA exposure during critical periods of development leads to cognitive impairments that correlate with the defects in the GABA signaling pathways and deteriorated morphology of the astrocytes in the offspring of the Wistar rats.

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