SummaryHealthcare is a vitally important field in the industry and evolving day by day in the aspect of technology, services, computing, and management. Its potential significance can be increased by incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology to make it smart in the aspect of automating activities, which is then further reformed in the healthcare domain with the help of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides many features to IoT‐based healthcare domain applications such as restructuring by securing traditional practices, data management, data sharing, patient remote monitoring, and drug analysis. In this study, a systematic literature review has been carried out in which a total of 52 studies were selected to conduct systematic literature review from databases PubMed, IEEE Access, and Scopus; the study includes IoT technology and blockchain integration in healthcare domain‐related application areas. This study also includes taxonomy that mentions the aspects and areas in healthcare domain incorporating the traditional system with the integration of IoT and blockchain to provide transparency, security, privacy, and immutability. This study also includes the incorporation of related sensors, platforms of blockchain, the objective focus of selected studies, and future directions by incorporating IoT and blockchain in healthcare domain. This study will help researchers who want to work with IoT and blockchain technology integration in healthcare domain.
Introduction: There is a need for rapid and sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples. A study was conducted in which the target for the amplification being a segment of IS6110 in the M. tuberculosis chromosome was evaluated using real time PCR and its results were compared with routine tests, using pulmonary and extra-pulmonary specimen. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study, specificity and sensitivity of PCR were analyzed. A total of 293 clinical samples were processed at a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, during the time period of 2016-2018, from patients suspected of having pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and Follow up patients with DOTS treatment and MDR treatment that are referred by tertiary hospital were also included in this study after taking their informed consent. Patients not willing to participate in the study were excluded. For identification specimens were stained by Ziehl Neelsen staining (ZN), cultured on Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) medium and then confirmed by PCR for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Results: Of the 293 samples, 165(56.3%) were from males and 128(43.7%) females. Mean age was 44 years (2-85 years). Specimen types included: CSF (30.4%), pleural fluid (4.1%), sputum (15%), urine (2.4%), synovial fluid (2.4%), other fluids (33.1%) and biopsies (12.6%). Only 3.1% of specimens were ZN-smear positive for (MTB). LJ culture identified 7.2% whereas PCR method detected (MTB) in 15% of the total specimens. Using PCR as gold standard, ZN microscopy correctly identified 20.5% of total (MTB) positive specimens and LJ culture detected 47.7%.Specimen types showed significant association with PCR test: 42.9% of synovial fluid samples and 41.7% of pleural fluid samples; 28.6% of urine samples were positive for (MTB) by PCR method. This indicates that PCR analysis of these specimens’ exhibit greater positivity rates for (MTB) as opposed to CSF and other fluids and biopsies Conclusions: TB PCR is a rapid and reliable test in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis.
Purpose. The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is unknown. Because these patients have lower levels of cortisol-binding carrier proteins, their total serum cortisol (TSC) correlates poorly with free serum cortisol (FC). Salivary cortisol (SaC) correlates better with FC. We aimed to establish SaC thresholds for AI for the 250 g intravenous ACTH test and to estimate the prevalence of AI in non-critically ill cirrhotic patients. Methods. We included 39 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, 39 patients with known AI, and 45 healthy volunteers. After subjects fasted ≥8 hours, serum and saliva samples were collected for determinations of TSC and SaC at baseline 0’ (T0) and at 30-minute intervals after intravenous administration of 250
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