This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Iranian translation of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) in school children and adolescents in Iran. The CES-DC is a 20-item self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. A total of 1,984 children and adolescents, aged 12-17 years, participated in this research. In addition to the CES-DC, all participants completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The CES-DC demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha = .87). Confirmatory factor analyses revealed the same four factor structure as proposed by Radloff. Invariance tests showed an equivalent structure among boys and girls and younger and older adolescents. The CES-DC total scores correlated significantly with the SCAS total scores and the SDQ emotional symptoms subscale, providing support of its convergent validity. To conclude, the CES-DC proved to be a reliable and valid measure of depressive symptoms in the Iranian context.
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The pineal gland is an adaptive organ that precisely regulates the biological rhythms of melatonin brain hemostasis. Variation in the regulation of melatonin rhythms is a likely cause of depressive disorder. The purpose of this study was to measure serum melatonin levels in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and normal control subjects. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study at the industrial medical unit of the Iron Smelting Company of Isfahan, Iran.
METHODS:The morning and nocturnal serum melatonin levels of patients and controls were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. All data were assessed using variance analysis.
RESULTS:The morning and nocturnal serum melatonin levels of depressed and healthy subjects differed (P ≤ 0.05). The nocturnal serum melatonin levels of depressed women were lower than those of depressed men (P ≤ 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this study showed that the nocturnal serum melatonin levels in the depressed patients were lower than in the controls. Thus, the peak melatonin phase in the depressed patients was reached with delay. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01357083 aBStractO CONTEXTO Y OBJETIVO: La glándula pineal actúa precisamente regulando los ritmos biológicos de melatonina de hemostasia cerebral, como un órgano adaptativo. La modificación del ritmo de melatonina puede ser el motivo probable del trastorno depresivo. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de medir los niveles de melatonina entre los pacientes con trastorno depresivo mayor y los sanos. DISEÑO Y ESPACIO: Estudio analítico transversal-la unidad medicina laboral de empresa de Zob Ahan de Isfahán-Irán. MÉTODO: Los niveles de melatonina en suero día-noche se midó entre dos grupos (pacientes y sanos) utilizando el método de ELISA (Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas). Todos los datos se hizo utilizando el análisis de la varianza. RESULTADOS: El nivel de melatonina en suero día-noche era distinto entre los deprimidos y los saludables (P ≤ 0.05). El nivel de melatonina en suero en las mujeres deprimidas fue menos que los varones deprimidos (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: Esta investigación muestra que el nivel de melatonina nocturna en los deprimidos ha sido menos que los controlados, pues el pico de fase de melatonina en los pacientes deprimidos alcanza con retraso. NÚMERO DE REGISTRO DE ENSAYO CLÍNICO: NCT01357083 I Doctoral Student,
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