The topological indices are functions on the graph that do not depend on the labeling of their vertices. They are used by chemists for studying the properties of chemical compounds.  Let  be a simple connected graph. The Hyper-Zagreb index of the graph ,  is defined as  ,where  and  are the degrees of vertex  and , respectively. In this paper, we study the Hyper-Zagreb index and give upper and lower bounds for .

A genetic algorithm is presented to find the arrival probability in a directed acyclic network with stochastic parameters, that gives more reliability of transmission flow in delay sensitive networks. Some sub-networks are extracted from the original network, and a connection is established between the original source node and the original destination node by randomly selecting some local source and the local destination nodes. The connections are sorted according to their arrival probabilities and the best established connection is determined with the maximum arrival probability. There is an established discrete time Markov chain in the network. The arrival probability to a given destination node from a given source node in the network is defined as the multi-step transition probability of the absorbtion in the final state of the established Markov chain. The proposed method is applicable on large stochastic networks, where the previous methods were not. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by some numerical results with perfect fitness values of the proposed genetic algorithm.

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Abstract. The length of the stochastic shortest path is defined as the arrival probability from a source node to a destination node. The uncertainty of the network topology causes unstable connections between nodes. A discrete-time Markov chain is devised according to the uniform distribution of existing arcs where the arrival probability is computed as a finite transition probability from the initial state to the absorbing state. Two situations are assumed, departing from the current state to a new state, or waiting in the current state while expecting better conditions. Our goal is to contribute to determining the critical node in a stochastic network, where its absence results in the greatest decrease of the arrival probability. The proposed method is a simply application for analyzing the resistance of networks against congestion and provides some crucial information of the individual nodes. Finally, this is illustrated using networks of various topologies.