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Accurate and up to date land use and land cover (LU/LC) changes information is the main source to understanding and assessing the environmental outcomes of such changes and is important for development plans. Thus, this study quantified the outlines of land cover variation of 10-years in the northwestern costal land of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Two different supervised classification algorithms are visualized and evaluated to preparing a policy recommendation for the proper improvements towards better determining the tendency and the proportion of the vegetation cover changes. Firstly, to determine present vegetation structure of study area, 78 stands with a size of 50 × 50 m were analysed. Secondly, to obtain the vegetation dynamics in this area, two satellite images of temporal data sets were used; therefore, SPOT-5 images were obtained in 2004 and 2013. For each data set, four SPOT-5 scenes were placed into approximately 250-km intervals to cover the northwestern coastal land of the Red Sea. Both supervised and non-supervised cataloguing methods were attained towards organise the study area in 4-major land cover classes through using 5 various organizations algorithms. Approximately 900 points were evenly distributed within each SPOT-5 image and used for assessment accuracy. The floristic composition exhibits high diversity with 142 species and seven vegetation types were identified after multivariate analysis (VG I: Acacia tortilis - Acacia ehrenbergiana , VG II: Acacia tortilis - Stipagrostis plumosa, VG III: Zygophyllum coccineum - Zygophyllum simplex , VG IV: Acacia raddiana-Lycium shawii-Anabasis setifera , VG V: Tamarix aucheriana-Juncus rigidus , VG VI: Capparis decidua - Zygophyllum simplex and VG VII: Avicennia marina - Aristida adscensionis ) and ranged between halophytic vegetation on the coast to xerophytic vegetation with scattered Acacia trees inland. The dynamic results showed rapid, imbalanced variations arises between 3-land cover classes (areas as urban, vegetation and desert). However, these findings shall serve as the baseline data for the design of rehabilitation programs that conserve biodiversity in arid regions and form treasured resources for an urban planner and decision makers to device bearable usage of land and environmental planning.

This study aims at analyzing the phytosociological behaviour, nutrient element allocation and soil‐plant relations of the Panicum turgidum, which inhabits the arid region of Failaka Island and Jal Az‐Zor along the coastal plain of Kuwait. The above and underground parts of P. turgidum, at 21 different sites distributed across two different localities, as well as surrounding soil, were analyzed. TWINSPAN, DCA and CCA multivariate techniques were applied to the plant species and soil data set, with all statistical calculations using SAS software. Multivariate analysis led to the identification of 4 vegetation groups associated with the distribution of P. turgidum. These groups were: Stipagrostis ciliata‐Cakile arabica, Plantago boissieri, Cyperus conglomeratus and Alhagi graecorum. The above and underground parts of P. turgidum in Failaka showed the presence of a wider range of mineral nutrients, whereas in Jal Az‐Zor there was a greater concentration of heavy metals in the analysed plant parts. These results suggested that Failaka, as an isolated island, exhibited better environmental conditions for the growth of P. turgidum with a more efficient uptake, use and recycling of minerals compared with the Jal Az‐Zor in which heavy metals tended to accumulate in the plants and soil (Br, Zn, Fe and Cu). (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)