The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic, which hampers mobility and productivity, creates a slowdown in the movement of the wheels of the economy, thus indirectly requiring several countries to increase their sources of revenue through public debt to meet the needs of the people and maintain economic stability in each country. the problems faced by middle-income countries are related to the participation of government and other public institutions both in the formulation of public policies, the management of public resources, to the realization of human rights that should be free from abuse of the position of relevant policymakers. As a result, not a few countries experience uncertainty about the actual situation from public accounts, which has encouraged the creation of doubts and conflicts among the public about the role of governments in dealing with the global economic crisis, which among others, is illustrated through several economic problems that occur in middle-income countries. The purpose of this study is to answer the question of whether, in middle-income countries, the factors of the previous year's debt-to-GDP ratio, fiscal transparency, corruption, and e-budgeting simultaneously and partially influence the debt-to-GDP balance in 74 middle-income countries in 2021. The method used is OLS regression analysis of cross-section data. This study found that the previous year's debt accumulation significantly affected the debt ratio to GDP. Meanwhile, fiscal transparency and the implementation of e-budgeting hurt the insignificant debt-to-GDP ratio; corruption has a little positive effect on the debt-to-GDP ratio.
The agricultural sector in Indonesia is an important sector in the national economy, but its role in the formation of GRDP in most regions has begun to decline. This was followed by a decrease in the area of harvested land. The purpose of this study is to look at the agricultural sector and sub-sector that acts as the base sector in each province in Indonesia. The method used in this study uses the Location Quotient (LQ) method during the period 2015 to 2020. The results of this study indicate that the agricultural sector is still the base sector in most provinces in Indonesia. The agricultural sector is a non-basic sector in the
The Indonesia-Turkey Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IT-CEPA) is not solely about a trade agreement between the two countries but is a partnership and collaboration so that the people of the two countries can benefit from bilateral cooperation. This study aims to investigate the impact of IT-CEPA, foreign direct investment (FDI), inflation, natural resource rents, and government effectiveness on Indonesian exports to Turkey. The approach in this study applies a linear regression model from 2000-2020 sourced from the World Bank and The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). The findings of this study indicate that foreign direct investment and government effectiveness have a positive sign and have a significant effect on Indonesian exports to Turkey. Meanwhile, IT-CEPA has a negative and significant sign on Indonesian exports to Turkey. However, inflation and natural resource rents do not have a significant effect on Indonesia's exports to Turkey. The implication of this study is that policy makers must pay attention to governance related to the implementation of economic partnership agreements between Indonesia and trading partner countries, especially in increasing Indonesia's exports to trading partner countries.
The Russian military invasion of Ukraine surprisingly impacted the world's geopolitical situation. The conflict that started at the end of February is ongoing, potentially disrupting economic and trade performance in the global sector, including Indonesia. The battle has the opportunity to increase some food commodity prices, thus hampering the total imports carried out. In addition, other leading commodities (non-oil and gas) such as gold, oil, and coal will also experience significant turmoil due to the conflict that has continued to heat up recently. The study provides an overview of the systemic impact on Indonesia's economic conditions by predicting the short-term possibilities. This study investigates the Russia-Ukraine conflict's initial estimate of the net import value of the two countries and other trading partners. This study uses independent variables, namely oil and gas commodities and gold prices over eleven years (2000-2021). Error Correction Model (ECM) is an analytical method used in this study. This research expects to give an overview to academia, business, industry, and the government in anticipating Indonesia's economic and trade performance to the crisis in Russia and Ukraine. Thus, it is hoped that this research can be used as an illustration of the government to make decisions in allocating import values amid the polemic between Russia and Ukraine so that trade values can be optimal.
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