An experimental investigation was conducted in a six-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine to establish the effects of Multi Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNT) with the dosing levels from 2.5 to 30 ppm with the waste vegetable oil (WVO) methyl esters fuel that was produced using the transestrification process, and subsequently, the WVO methyl ester was blended with diesel fuel in the proportion of 80% of diesel and 20% biodiesel by volume (B20). The Carbon nanotubes (with nano-structure (1/3) Chiral Metal and (2/3) semiconductor zigzag particles with the length of 10 μm and diameter of 5 nm with purity rate of 95%) were blended with the biodiesel fuel. The CNTs were blended with the biodiesel with the aid of ultrasonicator. The whole investigation was conducted in the diesel engine using the following fuels: neat diesel fuel (D100), 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume (B20), as well as B20 and CNT blended fuels accordingly. The experimental results revealed a considerable enhancement in the performance parameters for the CNT blended biodiesel fuels compared to the neat biodiesel and neat diesel fuel (power increased up to 17%, torque increased 18%, bsfc decreased 38.5%). Emission parameters for the CNT blended decreased compared to neat diesel and neat biodiesel fuels (HC decreased up to 22%, CO emission decreased 14%). CNT nano-additives are considered as a propitious fuel-borne catalyst to improve the fuel properties, owing to their enhanced surface area/volume ratio, quick evaporation and shorter ignition delay characteristics that help to improve the performance parameters of engine and decrease emissions.
Measured adhesion energies of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to thermoplastic starch (TPS) joint and of joints in presence of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) and styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MAH) compatibilizers were investigated. The compatibilizers were introduced to the interface via their pre-mixing with the adherend (PE) or adhesive (TPS). The results showed adhesion energy improvement from 41 J/m 2 for PE/TPS to 118, 151 and 272 J/m 2 by adding 3.3 wt% of EVA, SEBS-g-MAH and PE-g-MAH to the PE adherend, respectively. On the other hand, by raising the compatibilizers to 5.75 wt%, similar joint adhesion energies of about 250 J/m 2 were found for all studied systems. The measured adhesion energy increments were attributed to the migration of the compatibilizers to the interface during high temperature joint preparation. In addition, the observed efficacies of various compatibilizers were ascribed to their interfacial stress transfer capabilities. Joint viscoelastic function, i.e., joint adhesion energy divided by its thermodynamic work of adhesion, showed similar dependence on adherend tan δ divided by the adhesive tan δ (A) divided by the compatibilizer tan δ as the measured adhesion energy. This interesting finding supports the hypothesis that the main viscoelastic loss effects in joints with stiff adherends are localized in the interphase adjacent to the crack tip.
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