Objectives:To determine the 2-year outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) following admission to pediatric critical care units (PICU).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2013. We followed 131 children admitted to PICU, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with a diagnosis of AKI, based on pRIFLE (pediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease), for 2 years. During the study period, 46 children died and 38 of survivors completed the follow-up. Factors affecting long-term progression to chronic kidney disease were also evaluated.Results:The 2-year mortality was more than 40%. The main determinant of the 2-year mortality was the pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM) score, which increased the risk of mortality by 6% per each one score (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06: 95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.11). By the end of the 2 years, 33% of survivors had reduction in the glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, and 73% were hypertensive. Patients with more severe renal impairment at admission, based on the pRIFLE criteria, had higher mortality rate. This association, however, was not independent since it was influenced by baseline disease severity (PRISM score).Conclusion:Large proportion of patients admitted to PICU with AKI either died during the first 2 months of follow-up or developed long-term complications. The severity of AKI, however, was not an independent risk factor for mortality.

The objective of this article is to review the existing literature on postoperative recurrence of adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO). We performed a systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies investigating recurrence after operative management of ASBO. Our search yielded one RCT, one prospective study, and eight retrospective studies, totaling 36,178 patients. We used Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess the risk of bias in the reviewed studies (RCTs and observational studies, respectively). Operative management was associated with a lower risk of recurrence than conservative management, while the difference in recurrence between laparoscopic and open surgery was inconclusive. Diffuse adhesions were associated with a greater risk of recurrence than single band adhesions. We conclude that the "common knowledge" that surgery increases the risk for recurrence of ASBO is outdated and should no longer be applied when determining treatment modalities for ASBO. While conservative treatment still has its place, we need not fear the possibility of shifting patients to operative management earlier.

Coughing is one of the most prevalent symptoms in children presenting at outpatient departments. This systematic review aimed to review previous literature in order to compare the use of honey and antitussive medications for treating coughs in children. Literature was screened across five databases using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) strategy, keywords, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The remaining literature was evaluated using a quality appraisal tool checklist. This review includes systematic reviews, metaanalyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, cross-sectional studies, and articles without a defined methodology section. This review suggests that honey is effective in treating children above 12 months of age, while cold and cough medications (CCMs) are safe if administered at therapeutic doses. Since fatalities can occur in children under two years of age, further RCT studies on CCMs are required to establish safety across all age groups.

With the advancement in medicine leading to the discovery of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs, numerous oncologists are now commonly using antiangiogenic medications to improve outcomes and attain disease control. Thus, the significance of prognostic and predictive indicators in patient selection has become increasingly imperative. These biomarkers have the capacity to be highly effective and can easily be implemented in various diagnostic and therapeutic settings on a large scale. Overall, it has the potential of significantly decreasing mortality in a fatal disease and possibly achieving partial or complete remission. Many clinical trials have shown the efficacy of bevacizumab in treating malignancies. However, there are currently no known predictive or prognostic biomarkers for bevacizumab in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Several clinical studies have evaluated bevacizumab-induced hypertension as a potential marker in patients with different malignancies, including recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (rGBM). This systematic review was performed to determine the association of bevacizumab-induced hypertension with outcomes in patients with advanced brain cancer and to assess whether hypertension (HTN) can be used as a prognostic factor. The review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, and the databases were searched from January 2012 to June 2022. This review aimed to evaluate six published studies to investigate the relationship between hypertension and the outcomes of patients with rGBM treated with bevacizumab. Among the included publications, four out of six were retrospective and featured a positive result regarding hypertension being used as an independent predictive factor of survival outcomes in rGBM. However, two studies showed negative results. This can be attributed to the limited subsets of patients and the duration of the studies. In conclusion, bevacizumabinduced hypertension may represent a prognostic factor in patients with rGBM.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative aerobic pathogen that primarily colonizes the gastric mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma have all been linked to chronic H. pylori infection. Hence, it is critical to diagnose and treat it as early as possible. There are both invasive and noninvasive tests available to detect it. In this review, the diagnostic abilities of two invasive tests - histology and the rapid urease test (RUT) - are compared in a variety of clinical situations. This systematic review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 checklist. We performed a literature search using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases in accordance with the eligibility criteria and ultimately selected eight articles for final analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale adapted for cross-sectional studies, the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), and the PRISMA 2020 checklist were used to assess the quality of selected articles for cross-sectional studies, traditional literature reviews, and systematic reviews, respectively. According to the findings of the review, both histology and the RUT have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing H. pylori though this varies depending on the clinical situation, making one test superior to the other. Neither of these tests can be considered the gold standard method on its own. Hence, using at least two diagnostic tests at the same time is critical for ensuring high sensitivity and specificity while accurately diagnosing the pathogen.