The current study focuses on the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii due to its importance as a nosocomial infections source in addition to its increased resistance against antibiotics. Different clinical and hospital environment samples were collected, and cultured on A. baumannii selective media: Leed Acinetobacter agar and Herellea agar. A. baumannii have been identified by traditional methods, followed by confirmation using molecular identification to detect blaoxa-51 like gene which is considered a diagnostic gene since it is present in genome of all A. baumannii strains. The result was, nineteen bacterial isolates of A.baumannii were obtained, from twenty-seven suspected isolates, detection of local isolates belonging to MDR or XDR group. Results demonstrated that all local isolates are MDR and 16 isolates (84.2 %) are XDR.

The emergence of new bacterial species in different infections, such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium needs materials to get rid of, especially if these materials are of 100% natural origin, however, repeated experiments must be conducted from different materials for the same bacterial species until reaching the target material. The research has investigated about if two nosocomial infective bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium could influence with some plants (Lepidium sativum, Sinapis arvensis, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus) belong to the Brassicaceae family which are mainly known containing compounds that are effective in combating pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The result was no inhibition zone around the disks saturated with water and alcoholic extracts separately by all plants against these two bacterial species tested. The authors concluded that these bacteria might have adaptation from previous exposure to their environment. From our result, it is clear that there is a need to test extracts from other plants to resist these two bacterial species, which may pose a health risk, especially since they are previously registered to be resistant to antibiotics.

The main risk factor for the onset and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is hyperglycemia. Kidney end-stage disease is brought on by DN, a significant microvascular consequence of diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the renoprotective potential of sitagliptin in a rat model of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced DN. Following the intraperitoneal treatment of rats with 110 mg/kg nicotinamide followed 15 min by 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, DN manifested in rats after 8 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, serum urea and creatinine, and urine albumin levels were assessed in control, DN, and DN rats treated with sitagliptin. Additionally, paraffin-embedded kidney segment histopathological assessment was carried out. The increased levels of fasting, postprandial blood glucose, and HbA1c were decreased with sitagliptin. Sitagliptin restored the changes in kidney structure and function brought on by DN. The findings suggest that sitagliptin could prevent DN by stringent glycemic management, restoring the kidneys' declining function and protecting their structure.

The study has included the ability of Acinetobacter baumannii (isolated from clinical infections and hospital environment) to form a biofilm and investigated the possibility of inhibition this biofilm by using some materials: EDTA, five amino acids and five plant extracts. The results showed that all isolates of A.baumannii had a good ability to form the biofilm (100%). Four isolates which had strong former of  biofilm which were selected as well as a standard isolate (A. baumannii ATCC19606). The inhibitory effect on biofilm formation was investigated. EDTA had a good inhibitory effect, also, all amino acids showed good inhibitory activity , with the best inhibition in Glutamic acid at a concentration of 50 mM, while plant extracts varied in their inhibition ratio to inhibit the biofilm, turmeric, cloves and rosemary had a good inhibitory effect, Bay leaf has the ability to inhibit the biofilm formation but less than others, while the plant extract of the Myrtle did not show any inhibition activity.

The DNA was extracted from bacterial culture. Genetic variability was achieved by (RAPD-PCR), and ERIC2 primer was used. Two programs were used in thermal cycling containing two different annealing temperatures, the first was 50 o C, its amplification and electrophoresis results showed that all seven isolates had no band except the isolate No. (3) which has revealed a band (approximately 600 bp) when compared with DNA ladder, so this temperature was not suitable for detection of genetic variation for our local bacteria. The annealing temperature for the second program was 35 o C, its amplification and electrophoresis result has illustrated that there are genetic variability among just three isolates which had number 2, 3, and 4, while the other isolates have failed to show any band. So, the 35º C was better than 50º C to determine genetic variation in this study.