Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem. Delay in tuberculosis diagnosis may worsen the disease and increase transmission within the general population. This study estimated the prevalence of diagnosis delay and its determinants. Objective: To measure the magnitude of patient and health service delay and identify the factors associated with the delay. Methodology: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted at the three hospitals of Arsi Zone from December 2014-March 2015. All above 15 years old, all forms of TB patient who were on intensive phase and who were diagnosed during the data collection period were included in the study. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire and patient record review. Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were done using SPSS Ver. 20, to investigate determinants of patient, health system and total dely. The P-value of <0.05 was taken as significance. Result: Three hundred sixty two (362) all forms of TB patients enrolled in the study, of which 36.7% experienced patient delay, 49.7% health system delay and 48.9% total delay. The median patient, health system and total delay were 30, 9, 40 days respectively. The Health Extension Workers (HEWs) should be supported to strengthen the activities of health education. A well-designed information education, communication/behavioral change communication (IEC/BCC) strategy for TB might improve the TB control program.
Background: In some countries the use of Khat is widespread. The use or misuse of Khat is increasingly prevalent in Ethiopia. College and university students consume Khat to get mental alertness and to work hard in their academic endeavours. Most of the studies concerning Khat chewing were done on community-based studies and high school-based as well as psychiatric effects of Khat: less was done among university students. Objective: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of Khat chewing among undergraduate Adama University students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaire was conducted on population sample size determined by using single population proportion formula in January 2012. By using multi-stage sampling technique followed by simple random sampling, one department was selected from each school. Then, by simple random sampling, the sampled students were selected proportionally to their year of study and class size. Questions regarding demographic variables, academic and environmental factors were included in the survey. Data quality was controlled by pre-test, supervision, translation and training data collectors. Completed data were coded and entering into EPI info version 3.5.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Odds ratio with 95% CI and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Results: A total of 728 students participated giving a response rate of 95.3%. The lifetime and current prevalence of Khat chewing were found to be 27.7% and 20.7% respectively. Being male (AOR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.10 -3.47), monthly pocket money (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.01 -2.28), family history of Khat chewing (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.14 -2.59) and friend chewing Khat (AOR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.12 -2.58) were associated factors for Khat chewing (p < 0.05). Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of Khat chewing among Adama University students was high compared to other studies done in similar settings. Therefore, there is a need for early intervention that targets university students to reduce impact of peer pressure, family history of Khat chewing and proper management of money. To realize this involvement and participation of policy makers, ministry of education, universities and parents are mandatory.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains to be the most heavily affected region by malnutrition, accounting for 23.8% share of the global burden. Undernutrition weakens the immune system, increases the susceptibility to infections, and may worsen the impact on various kinds of diseases. Our aim was to assess undernutrition and its associated factors among AIDS-infected adult patients from Asella, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed from June to July 2018. A total number of 519 patients were selected for the proposed work. Data was entered into EpiData, checked, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of undernutrition among patients. Bivariate and multivariate regressions were used to determine the relationship between undernutrition and its associated factors among the study participants. The results of our study showed that the overall prevalence of undernutrition was 18.3%; out of which 12.7% were mildly and 5.6% were moderately to severely undernourished, respectively. Monthly income (AOR: 3.589, 95% CI (1.469-8.768)), whole grain feeding (AOR: 2.979, 95% CI (1.252-7.088)), opportunistic infections in the last six months (AOR: 3.683, 95% CI (3.075-4.411)), clinical stage (AOR: 2.998, 95% CI (1.269-7.083)), and insufficient quality of food (AOR: 3.149, 95% CI (1.339-7.406)) were found to be significantly associated with undernutrition in this study. Therefore, HIV treatment facility should be supported with nutritional assessment, supplementation, counseling, care, and support to patients that may possibly alleviate this predicament.
Introduction: Use of substances such as alcohol, khat and tobacco has become one of the rising major public health and socio-economic problems worldwide. Many people at risk for or already infected with HIV abuse alcohol, contributing to the difficulties in preventing the spread of the infection and treating infected patients.Objective: The objective of the study was to assess prevalence of Substance use and associated factors among Retro Viral Infected (RVI) Patients on Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) at Assela Teaching Hospital, Assela Ethiopia. Methodology:A cross sectional study was conducted from June to August 2016 among 418 RVI patients who were on ART follow up at Assela Teaching Hospital. The participants were selected systematic random sampling. Socio demographic data and other relevant data was collected using semi structured questionnaire. The data was coded, cleaned and entered using Epi Info 3.5.3 then exported to Statistical Package for the Social science (SPSS) version 21 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis was used. Results:The prevalence of substance use at least once in their lifetime among RVI patient was 27.5% whereas the prevalence of current substance use was 3.8% and Alcohol was predominantly abused drug. Alcohol was the being male and friend or family substance use was strong predictors of substance abuse among the respondents. Conclusion and recommendation:This study revealed that the prevalence of substance use among RVI patient was significant. We recommend that awareness creation about the influence of substance use on HIV by health professionals have invaluable benefit.
Background: Emergency contraception is a method to prevent unwanted or unintended pregnancies that could happen after unprotected sexual intercourse. It is a type of modern contraception that can be used following wrong use of contraception. In Ethiopia studies conducted in health facilities showed that unintended pregnancies and unprotected sexual intercourse are causing major reproductive health problems to adolescents. Objective: to assess the utilization of emergency contraception and associated factors among Technical and Vocational education training college female students in Shashemene town from June 10-30/2018. Method: an institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among Shashemene town Technical and Vocational education training college female students in June 2018. Collected data was entered into EPIINF version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Association between dependent and independent variable was assessed using adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value for statistical significance (<0.05). Result: a total of 476 female students were participated in our study out of these, one hundred forty six (30.7%) of the respondents knew presence of emergency contraception and 58 (12.2%) of them had encountered unprotected sexual intercourse. Out of those who encountered unprotected sexual intercourse 42 (72.4%) had used emergency contraception. However, 17 (29.3%) of the respondents who reported unprotected sexual intercourse had history of unwanted pregnancy. Monthly family income was significantly associated with the utilization of emergency contraception (AOR=4.41 (95% CI: 1.44-13.48)). Conclusion: Unprotected sexual intercourse and unwanted pregnancy were available among study participants. Knowledge of emergency contraception among the study participants was low.
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