Background A novel coronavirus disease 2019 is pandemic infectious disease. It is neither SARS nor influenza; rather it is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted to humans. COVID-19 was emerged at the end of 2019 in China in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei China. Physical contact and respiratory routs are the two most important well established routs of transmission of the virus. This study is aimed to evaluate knowledge gap and risk activities against Covid-19 in Addis Ababa. Methods The study used a primary data collected from 431 individuals with analysis of descriptive statistics and multivariate binary logistic regression. Explanatory variables practicing health care service, age, sex, family size, working place, lock down, safe working environment, use transportation, contacting density population, health status and flight history; and knowledge gap and carefulness is response variable at 5% level of significance. Results In this work practicing health care service & physical distance, safe working environment and Contacting density population are statistically significant predictors in describing risk transmission of Covid-19. Intercept (OR = 1.429, 95% CI: 1.199, 1.659), Practicing health care service & Physical Distance (OR = 6.885, 95% CI: 6.765, 7.005), Working Place (OR = 1.206, 95% CI: 0.961, 1.451) and Safe working environment (OR = 4.013, 95% CI: 3.768, 4.258) were factors significantly associated with increased risk of Covid-19 transmission. Conclusions To control disease transmission in Addis Ababa we need to encourage inhabitants to practice health care service & physical distance, to work their jobs at home and preparing national guidelines to safe working environment and usage transportation.
Background : Stunting is one of the most serious but least addressed health problems in the world. Adequate nutrition is essential for children’s health and development. Globally it is estimated that, directly or indirectly, for at least 35% of deaths in children less than five years of age. Under nutrition is also a major cause of disability preventing children who survive from reaching their full development potential. Methods: Statistical models that can treat the categorical response variable like binary logistic regression model will be employed. Beside this study will include Socio –economic and demographic factors; Sex and age of child, age of mother, Educational status, occupation, health status, religion, sex of household head, number of children under five years, Household income, family size, land ownership and time of cultivation, income source of household, wealth index as independent variables. Empty model, random intercept and fixed slope with random coefficient are the method of analyzing the dataset. Result: The prevalence of stunting among children ages under five years old were about 49.3%. Months of breastfeeding, educational level, and wealth index, currently pregnant and child food nutrient are significantly associated with stunting presence. The odds of stunting status of child from women who are pregnant is more likely to be stunted 4.157 compared to non-pregnant women controlling for other variables in the model and random effects at level two. Women who feed nutrient food to their child are 1.239 more likely to be stunted (OR=1.239) than women who didn’t feed nutrient food controlling for other variables in the model and random effects at level two. Conclusions : Age of child, breast feeding, sex, pregnant status, and food nutrient were found to be significantly associated with stunting in multilevel modeling of random coefficient model. Finally random coefficient model best fit the EDHS 2016 dataset. Therefore, interventions that focus on breast feeding, period of next pregnancy, food nutrient taken by children are required for improving child stunting in Ethiopia.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that kills CD4 cells. These CD4 cells are white blood cells that fight infection. CD4 count is like a snapshot of how well our immune system is functioning. Studying the way of CD4+ count over time provides an insight to the disease evolution. This study was considering the data of HIV/AIDS patients who were undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy in the ART clinic of Menellik II Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, during the period 1 st January 2014 to 31 st December 2017. For separate survival model log-logistic model is more appropriate for the survival data than other parametric models. Therefore; functional status and regimen class are significant covariates in determining the hazard function patients. Log rank and Wilcoxon tests showed that the significant difference in survival situation among the categorical variables selected for this study sex, marital status, functional status, WHO-clinical stages and regimen class subgroups. But, there was no significant difference in the time-to-event between subgroups of sex, Marital Status and WHO clinical Stage, while, Regimen Class and Functional Status there was a significant difference in the time-to-event between subgroups.
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