Legal mobilization in the courts has emerged as an increasingly important social movement strategy, which complements other political strategies. This paper explores legal and institutional factors that can account for the varying levels of legal mobilization in countries with a civil law system. It examines the different legal opportunity structures (LOS) (such as judicial access and material and procedural law) and the extent to which strategic litigation has been employed by trade unions and other social actors to promote equal pay in four European countries: Switzerland, Germany, France, and Poland. While every component of LOS influences legal mobilization, legal factors and legal context alone are not sufficient to explain the observed variations. Rather, they constitute an important general framework in which other social and political factors, such as norms about gender roles, equality, and litigation, are also significant. Two issues seem to be especially relevant and have emerged as a rewarding field of analysis-the role of media coverage and organizational action frames. La mobilisation juridique dans les tribunaux est devenue une stratégie de mouvement social de plus en plus importante, qui complète d'autres stratégies politiques. Le présent article explore les facteurs juridiques et institutionnels qui peuvent entrer en compte pour les divers niveaux de mobilisation juridique dans des pays possédant un système de droit civil. Il examine les différentes structures des opportunités juridiques (SOJ) (comme le recours judiciaire et la procédure et le droit en la matière) et la mesure dans laquelle des procédures judiciaires stratégiques ont été employées par des syndicats et d'autres acteurs sociaux afin de promouvoir une égalité des salaires dans quatre pays européens : la Suisse, l'Allemagne, la France, et la Pologne. Même si chaque élément des SOJ influence la mobilisation juridique, les facteurs d'ordre juridique et le contexte juridique ne peuvent à eux seuls expliquer les variations observées. Ils sont plutôt un cadre général important dans lequel d'autres facteurs sociaux et politiques, comme les normes à propos des rôles sexuels, de l'égalité, et des procédures judiciaires, sont eux aussi importants. Deux points semblent particulièrement pertinents et se révèlent être un domaine d'analyse enrichissant-le rôle de la couverture médiatique et les cadres d'action organisationnels. AbstractLegal mobilization in the courts has emerged as an increasingly important social movement strategy, which complements other political strategies. This paper explores legal and institutional factors that can account for the varying levels of legal mobilization in countries with a civil law system. It examines the diff erent legal opportunity structures (LOS) (such as judicial access and material and procedural law) and the extent to which strategic litigation has been employed by trade unions and other social actors to promote equal pay in four European countries: Switzerland, Germany, France, and Poland....
Legal mobilization in the courts and in political discourse has emerged as an increasingly important strategy of social movements that complements other political approaches. This is true also for women's movements in post-socialist countries, but most research on strategic litigation has focused so far on common law countries and on supranational litigation in Europe. Using the case of Poland as an example, this article asks why references to the law are so attractive in post-socialist contexts and what can be gained by this with respect to actual rights, justice and social change. It focuses thereby on strategic litigation as the most sophisticated strategy that results from other sustained movement activities connected with the law. It draws on field research, interviews with activists and analyses of primary as well as secondary sources. The article explores the reasons for using the law as the 'master frame' by analysing the traditions of gender and law in state socialism and during democratic consolidation. Two examples of strategic litigation, the Tysia˛c case for reproductive rights and the 'Biedronka' cases for employment rights, are analysed and situated in the context of other legal mobilization activities. These cases set the agenda for crucial social problems and resulted in binding decisions by the courts. A broad and predominantly supportive media discourse was conducive to cultivating public opinion. These analyses support the conclusion that legal mobilization tends to directly influence law and legal practices. It has a socializing effect on the population and their legal consciousness. In aiming at both state and society, these legal strategies of the women's movement are a modest but crucial success for democratic consolidation.
Zusammenfassung. Bildungsstandardbasierte Tests werden bundesweit in der Primar- und Sekundarstufe zur Überprüfung von fachlichen Kompetenzen der Schülerinnen und Schüler in Deutschland eingesetzt, um ausgehend vom aktuellen Leistungsstand auch über deren zukünftigen schulischen Erfolg zu informieren. Wie gut diese Prognose gelingt, untersucht die vorliegende Längsschnittstudie anhand bildungsstandardbasierter Tests zur Erfassung der mathematischen Kompetenz und der Lesekompetenz in Deutsch für Brandenburger Grundschulkinder in der 3. bzw. 4. Klasse. Die Ergebnisse aus Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass bildungsstandardbasierte Kompetenztests Prognosen auf 2 bzw. 3 Jahre später erhobene Kompetenztestergebnisse (β ≥ .56) sowie Schulnoten (β ≤ –.47) in vergleichbarem Ausmaß wie kommerziell erhältliche, standardisierte Schulleistungstests ermöglichen. Zudem ließ sich für beide Fächer eine substanzielle Vorhersagekraft der Kompetenztests für die Gymnasialempfehlung am Ende der 6. Klasse nachweisen. Auch bei Kontrolle in den Vorhersagemodellen für weitere leistungsrelevante Merkmale (Schulnoten, Intelligenz und familiärer Hintergrund) blieb ein prognostischer Mehrwert der Kompetenztests für alle untersuchten Kriterien des schulischen Erfolgs bestehen.
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