1. Dung beetles provide recognised environmental services in cattle production systems, but can be negatively affected by the pharmaceutical residues found in excreta, particularly macrocyclic lactones (ML).2. The diversity and seasonal abundance of dung beetle communities were measured using baited pitfall traps and compared at four cattle ranches in Yucatan, Mexico, to assess the possible effects of ML residues. Cattle parasite control was performed at two of these ranches using ML.3. A total of 93 274 dung beetles from 17 species were collected. The dominant species at all four ranches were Onthophagus landolti and Canthon indigaceus chevrolati. Compared to ranches where ML was not used, total abundance was higher but richness, evenness and diversity were lower at ranches where ML was used. Five other species were identified as potential indicator species for determining whether there was an effect of ML use at the studied ranches.4. Seasonal patterns differed between beetle communities: those found at non-ML sites occurred in higher abundances in May and July, while those at ML sites had higher abundances in May and June. This was probably because herds on ML sites were treated with ML to control parasites in early July.5. The application of ML for controlling cattle parasites was shown to have a negative effect on the diversity and abundance of dung beetles. These results emphasise the need for timing ML use in order to mitigate the adverse impacts on these insects.
Uso de lactonas macrocíclicas para el control de la garrapataRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en el ganado bovino SUMMARYAn overview of the macrocyclic lactones (ML), with recent results and their effect on the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is presented in this paper. This review describes in detail the chemistry, pharmacokinetics and dose presentation, security and time withdrawal and environmental safety of the groups belonging to ML: avermectins (ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, abamectin) and milbemycin (moxidectin). There is also a discussion on their efficacy and the problem of resistance of R. (B.) microplus to ML. Finally, it is concluded that due to their high lipid solubility ML are widely distributed in tissues, being effective in the control of R. (B.) microplus in cattle. The efficacy of short-acting ivermectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, abamectin and moxidectin are similar (> 90% effective after four weeks post treatment, PT) to control adult stages of R. (B.) microplus, however, in long-acting LM are available the market and present efficiency of > 95% with persistence up to 70 days PT.Palabras clave: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, lactonas macrocíclicas, control, bovinos.
The attraction of the Digitonthophagus gazella dung beetle to the excreta of cattle treated with ivermectin (IVM) at 1% under controlled and field conditions (Phase 1) as well as the lethal (mortality) and sublethal effects (fecundity, emergence, and dung removal) of the excreta of bovines treated with IVM-1% and IVM-3.15% were evaluated (Phase 2). In Phase 1, an olfactometer was used to evaluate the attraction/repellency in the laboratory and fieldcontrolled conditions using faeces of cattle recovered on 5, 14, 21 and 28 days posttreatment (DPT) from animals treated with IVM-1% (0.2 mg/kg) and untreated animals. Under field conditions, pitfall traps baited with faeces from animals treated with IVM-1% (5 DPT), and untreated animals were used to evaluate the attraction/repellency for D. gazella. In all three experiments, the faeces of treated cattle did not affect (P > 0.05) the attraction/repellency of D. gazella towards IVM-1% (P > 0.05). In Phase 2, six cattle were used:(1) three treated with subcutaneous IVM-1% 0.2 mg/kg and (2) three treated with subcutaneous IVM-3.15% (0.63 mg/kg). The collection of faeces was at À1 (control), 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT. Each bioassay consisted of a terrarium with a pair of sexually mature beetles, where they received 50 g of faeces for 10 days with 15 replicates per group. The bioassays consisted of nine groups: control, IVM-1% at 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT and IVM-3.15% at 5, 14, 21 and 28 DPT. There were no lethal effects on adults of D. gazella when exposed to faeces treated with IVM-1% and IVM-3.15%; however, faeces collected at 5 DPT from cattle treated with IVM-1% and IVM-3.15% showed a significant reduction in the average number of brood masses produced and in the average number of imagoes emerged (P < 0.05). There were no differences in faeces removal between treatments. In conclusion, D. gazella does not discriminate between faeces of cattle treated with IVM and untreated, and there were no lethal effects seen; however, fertility was significantly reduced at 5 DPT.
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