2016) Nature-based solutions for the contemporary city/Re-naturing the city/Reflections on urban landscapes, ecosystems services and nature-based solutions in cities/Multifunctional green infrastructure and climate change adaptation: brownfield greening as an adaptation strategy for vulnerable communities?/Delivering green infrastructure through planning: insights from practice in Fingal, Ireland/Planning for biophilic cities: from theory to practice, Planning Theory & Practice, 17:2, 267-300,
IntroductionSustainable development and the heightened sense of risk from the anticipated impacts of climate change provides an important context for spatial planning and the development of spatial strategies. Over the last decade, a series of Planning Theory & Practice Interfaces have examined the environmental dimensions of spatial planning. This includes Campbell (2006) exploring the role of planning within climate change debates, Scott et al. (2013) on living with flood risk, Walliser et al. (2012) exploring the potential of green design, and Davoudi et al. ( 2012) critiquing the potential and limitations of resilience thinking for planning theory and practice. A common thread through these Interface pieces is a questioning of planning's ability to address the scope and scale of these complex and multidimensional challenges, while also reflecting on how these environmental challenges have the potential to reshape or reframe planning practices and theory by drawing our attention to questions of uncertainty, risk, vulnerability and adaptive governance.In this Interface, we aim to contribute further to these debates by exploring the relationship between "nature" and the "city" as a means of reconciling urban development with the biosphere (Wilkinson, 2012): in other words, proposing a deepening of an ecological turn in planning theory and practice. In recent years there has been increased attention given to understanding the potential avenues for planning to deliver ecologically sound outcomes through examining the intersection between ecosystem approaches and spatial planning frameworks (Lennon & Scott, 2013) and which considers the city in terms of a social-ecological system. As spatial planning is inherently concerned with social -ecological interactions (Wilkinson, 2012), this "shift in the view of an ecosystem to one where people are considered part of an interactive holistic system" (Raffaelli & Frid, 2010, p. 4), acknowledges the role that informed planning can play in enhancing the beneficial functioning of ecosystems. Within this emerging literature, however, limited attention has been given to addressing the principles of spatial planning and how these may be translated into practice through the procedures employed in the formulation and implementation of policies designed to stimulate practical interventions. One way to address this deficit is through the concept of nature-based solutions and green infrastructure.
Nature-based solutions and planning practiceNature-based solutions have emerged as a concept to op...
In the field significant differences in maximum photosynthetic O.j-exchange ratf (P,J were found between leaves oi Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumon (Asteraceae) collected from woodland and exposed habitats, with tht-highest values in the exposed sites. However, there were no differences in the P^^ of leaves collected from plants growing in grikes (fissures in the limestone pavement), or exposed limestone pavement, despite a greater than four-fold difference in the integrated daily irradiance. Lea\es of plants from the open pavement had lower photon yields (0,) and higher dark respiration rates and light compensation points, in comparison to shaded plants. Under controlled enviranmcntal conditions the highest P^, of leaves from plants subjected to variations in irradiance were found at the intermediate (8-6 mol photon m"M ') growth light level used. At the highest growth irradiance 17-3 mol photon m ^ d"') used in tht-laboratory both P,^^ and
SUMMARYThe biomass of Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort plants increased with increases in growth irradiance and nitrate supply. Comparisons of the data from this study with published information indicate that biomass production and growth rate of M. muralis are comparable to that of a number of slow-growing species from resource-poor environments. Biomass allocation varied with growth irradiance and nitrate supply. At high irradiances and low nitrate supplies there was a significantly greater allocation of plant mass to roots, resulting in a lower leaf area ratio (LAR) and leaf mass ratio (LMR). In contrast to the findings of a number of other studies, light level and nitrate supply had interactive efiFects on leaf mass per unit area (LMA). Changes in LAR due to variations in irradiance were mainly a consequence of changes in LMR. Given the ability of M. muralis to grow in deep shade, this suggests that large changes to within-leaf allocation (LMA) are not an essential requirement for growth at low irradiances. Conversely, because M. muralis can also grow in fully exposed situations, these traits might not exclude some shade species from high irradiance habitats. However, a low growth rate, or traits which result in a low growth rate, might be advantageous in a number of resource-poor environments.
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