Women with an early severe VMS profile are more likely to have diabetes across a period of 15 years. This association is not explained by body mass index or other potential confounders. Our findings imply that the predictive value of VMS for diabetes may vary with the timing of VMS relative to menopause.

Coffee consumption was associated with a slightly higher eGFR, particularly in those aged ≥46 y. The absence of an association with eGFR changes suggests that the higher eGFR among coffee consumers is unlikely to be a result of glomerular hyperfiltration. Therefore, low to moderate coffee consumption is not expected to be a concern for kidney health in the general population.

The presence of both symptoms is associated with social, behavioral, and menstrual factors. Some differences in risk factors among women who report only one symptom or both symptoms are observed, suggesting a slightly different etiology for each.

When woman seek treatment for UI symptoms, health professionals should consider her current or history of depression.