This new index is an accurate tool to identify high-risk patients for mortality after KT.

More than 170 human papillomavirus (HPV) types have been completely sequenced, curated and divided into five genera: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, Gammapapillomavirus, Mupapillomavirus and Nupapillomavirus. With the application of PCR methods, hundreds of putative novel HPV types have been identified as PCR amplicons in mucosa and skin. However, at present there are no studies reporting a systematic search of the currently known L1 amplicons and their phylogenetic relationships. This survey revealed the existence of at least 202 different putative HPV types that are pending for full-genome characterization: five alphapapillomaviruses, 37 betapapillomaviruses, 159 gammapapillomaviruses and one mupapillomavirus. All potential viruses of the genera Alphapapillomavirus and Betapapillomavirus were grouped in the defined species, while 59 putative gammapapillomaviruses types were segregated in 21 unidentified putative species. These data highlight the need for progress in the identification of additional taxa of the family Papillomaviridae in order to elucidate the diversity, evolution and medical implications of these viruses.Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small non-enveloped DNA tumour viruses with a circular genome of nearly 8 kb. PVs infect the epithelia of vertebrates and are host specific (Bernard et al., 2010). By convention, designation of a novel PV type requires the genome to be cloned and curated by the Papillomavirus Reference Center and show less than 90 % identity in the L1 ORF with respect to any known PV type, while PV types belonging to new species within a genus share 60-70 % nucleotide identity with PV types within this genus (de Villiers et al., 2004).Presently, 170 human PV (HPV) types have been officially designated and completely sequenced (de Villiers, 2013; http://www.hpvcenter.se/html/refclones.html), and divided into five genera according to their L1 ORF phylogenetic relationships: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, Gammapapillomavirus, Mupapillomavirus and Nupapillomavirus. There is diversity in the pathology of the HPV types across the genera and species, in particular in relation to the epithelium infected and the oncogenic potential of the viral type. The genus Alphapapillomavirus is heterogeneous, containing: (i) the high-risk mucosal HPV types in species a-7 and a-9; (ii) low-risk mucocutaneous genital types in species a-10; and (iii) viruses grouped in the species a-4, which are most frequently associated with common skin warts (Bernard et al., 2010;de Villiers et al., 2004).Other HPV-containing genera are less heterogeneous. The betapapillomavirus (b-PV) types cause flat lesions in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients, but evident HPV lesions are rare in immune-competent individuals (Pfister et al., 2003). The mupapillomavirus (m-PV) and some gammapapillomavirus (c-PV) types cause proliferative cutaneous lesions in humans, although the recently identified c-PV types are not associated with known lesions. In addition, c-PV and m-PV types differ from each other in that...

ACEI/ARB prescription may be suggested as beneficial among multiple medications for reducing mortality in kidney transplant recipients, but its use was not associated with longer graft survival.

Summary Prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) is associated with delayed graft function and worse kidney transplant (KT) outcome, but the effect of CIT on long‐term allograft survival in KT from younger donors has not been well established. We investigated the predictive value of CIT exposure on long‐term death‐censored graft loss in 829 KT recipients from younger donors (<50 years) that were performed in our center between 1991 and 2005. Overall death‐censored graft failure rate was significantly higher in CIT≥19 h group versus CIT<19 h group (26 vs. 16.5%; P = 0.002). Significant differences were also observed when patients with primary nonfunctioning graft were excluded (21 vs. 14%; P = 0.020) and in patients who received tacrolimus plus mycophenolate mofetil (12 vs. 4%; P = 0.05). By multivariate Cox analysis, CIT was found to be independently associated with death‐censored graft loss with a 20% increase for every 5 h of CIT [relative risk (RR) 1.04; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01–1.1; P = 0.021]. Likewise, graft loss risk significantly increased in CIT≥19 h group versus CIT<19 h group (RR 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1–2.1; P = 0.023). Prolonged CIT is an independent predictor of graft survival in KT from younger donors. Efforts at minimizing CIT (<19 h) should improve transplant outcome significantly in this population.

Early association of low-grade albuminuria and allograft dysfunction represents an important risk factor of graft failure and mortality. This additive effect should be considered to identify individuals at risk for adverse kidney transplantation outcomes.

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Fabry disease (FD) clinical manifestations often start in childhood. Among the FD complications, renal failure causes significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment of FD nephropathy in children may be critical to preserve renal function. In proteinuric progressive nephropathies it has been described that pro-fibrotic miR-21, miR-192, and miR-433 families are activated and that anti-fibrotic miR-29 and miR-200 families are inhibited. Objective: Analyze urinary excretion of microRNAs related to renal fibrosis in FD patients with mild or absent nephropathy. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of FD under 18 years of age were compared with healthy subjects. Patients were classified into two groups: 1) Patients with urinary excretion profile of microRNAs indicative of renal fibrosis; and 2) Patients with urinary excretion profile of microRNAs not indicative of renal fibrosis. Results: 9 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study (18.66 ± 13.43 years), 4 males and 5 females. All of them presented normal eFGR without pathological albuminuria. FD population: 12 patients (10.33 ± 3.93 years) were studied, 5 males and 7 females. Patients presented 2 different genotypes: L415P (6 patients) and E398X (6 patients). The urinary excretion profile of microRNAs indicative of renal fibrosis was present in 4 patients (2 with L415P genotype and 2 with E398X genotype), all of them with a decreased of miR-29 and/or miR-200. No patient presented increased miR-21, miR-192 and/or miR-433. Decreased α-galA activity was the only variable associated with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.01) to urinary excretion profile of microRNA indicative of

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