We review here the origin, outbreak characteristics and main epidemiological features of the novel Coronavirus (2019nCoV) responsible of a new coronavirus disease . Rapid global health authorities' responses are now in course and international scientific collaboration is urgently need. Previous outbreaks experiences with similar viral agents have increased the capacity to containment and control of these recurrent health menaces.
Un nuevo virus zoonótico emergente de preocupación: el Coronavirus novel 2019Resumen Revisamos aquí el origen, características del brote y la epidemiología del nuevo Coronavirus (2019nCoV) responsable de una nueva enfermedad por coronavirus . Una rápida respuesta de las autoridades de salud mundiales está en marcha y se ha hecho un llamado urgente para colaboración científica internacional. Las lecciones aprendidas de brotes previos con agentes virales similares han aumentado las capacidades para contener y controlar estas amenazas recurrentes a la salud global.
Background: SARS-CoV-2 variations as well as immune protection after previous infections and/or vaccination may have altered the incidence of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). We aimed to report an international time-series analysis of the incidence of MIS-C to determine if there was a shift in the regions or countries included into the study. Methods: This is a multicenter, international, cross-sectional study. We collected the MIS-C incidence from the participant regions and countries for the period July 2020 to November 2021. We assessed the ratio between MIS-C cases and COVID-19 pediatric cases in children <18 years diagnosed 4 weeks earlier (average time for the temporal association observed in this disease) for the study period. We performed a binomial regression analysis for 8 participating sites [Bogotá (Colombia),
IntroductionAcute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a public health problem. The disease has reemerged after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) due to an increase in serotypes that are not covered. The objective was to determine the changes in the disease incidence before and after the introduction of the 10-valent vaccine (PCV10) in Colombia.MethodsThis multicenter study was conducted in 17 hospitals in Colombia. Data were collected from January 2008 to December 2019 in 10 hospitals in Bogotá and from January 2017 to December 2019 in seven hospitals in Cali, Medellín and Cartagena. The data were grouped into three periods: 2008–2011, 2012–2015, and 2016-2019.ResultsOf the 706 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease, 81 (11.4%) corresponded to meningitis. The relative incidence in Bogotá in the first period was 0.6 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years, decreased to 0.4 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years in the second period and increased in the third period to 0.7 per 100,000 patients ≤ 5 years. Serotypes covered by PCV10 decreased from 75 to 9.1%, with Spn19A (31.8%) and Spn34 (13.6%) emerging in the third period. Increased resistance to penicillin (13 to 37%) and to ceftriaxone (5.9 to 16%) was due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant Spn19A. The total mortality rate was 23.5% and increased from 12 to 33%.ConclusionsABM due to pneumococcus has high morbidity and mortality rates. Reemergence of the disease has been observed due to the inclusion of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and replacement of circulating serotypes after the introduction of PCV10, with an increase in Spn19A, which causes death and exhibits antimicrobial resistance. Continued surveillance is needed.
For a long time, the diagnostic approach to IA/Aspergillus disease has been a challenge. The definitive diagnosis is made by correct microbiological and/or histopathological documentation, undoubtedly the fundamental cornerstone for therapeutic decision-making. However, it is considered limited by lack of sensitivity and speed, often being counterproductive, as in many cases invasive procedures are needed (e.g., fibrobronchoscopy [FBC] or tissue biopsy), which delays treatment and undermines survival of at-risk patients. This highlights the need for faster and more accurate diagnostic tools. Although novel serological and molecular methods have been developed that have demonstrated their potential to replace conventional diagnostic tests, inconsistencies in interpretation and validation among the different approaches limit their reproducibility and large-scale clinical application. However, whenever possible, an immunological and/or molecular diagnosis should be made, as it has proven useful in different detection and diagnostic strategies, which with an understanding of its strengths and limitations, and the standardization of the different techniques available, can be incorporated into care protocols and diagnostic algorithms, as an aid in administering and monitoring the different antifungal treatments and predicting possible clinical outcomes. Due to the limited sensitivity (SE) of many of the tests, and variations in the specificity (SP) of some of them, the combined use of several diagnostic tools during the high-risk period for invasive infection and/or during the early period in the course of IA/Aspergillus disease would allow an adequate diagnostic approach, provided that their results are interpreted together with the existing clinical and imaging information.
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