The objective of this study was to determine effects of xylanase on in vitro gas production (GP) and in sacco degradability of wheat straw. Rumen fluid was obtained from three Mongolian native goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulas. The trial consisted of five doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 μL/g of substrate) of a commercial xylanase (Dyadic® xylanase PLUS, Dyadic International, Inc., Jupiter, FL, USA). For the in sacco degradability, different levels of xylanase enzyme were added directly onto 2 g of wheat straw in nylon bags and incubated in the rumen for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to estimate degradability of wheat straw. Total GP increased (P < 0.001) at all times of incubation at intermediate levels of xylanase. Methane production had a similar pattern at 3 and 12 h of incubation; increased linearly at 24 h of incubation, and was unaffected at 6 and 48 h of incubation. Rumen NH3 -N concentration increased linearly at 3 h and the highest values were observed with intermediate enzyme levels. All ruminal volatile fatty acids increased linearly with intermediate levels of the fibrolytic enzyme. The in sacco rate of dry matter degradation decreased linearly (P = 0.020) with increasing enzymes. Intermediate levels of xylanase improved rumen kinetic fermentation and degradability. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of xylanase enzyme could improve in vitro GP fermentation of wheat straw.
The increasing expansion of agricultural activities have resulted in an unending production of agricultural waste which constitutes environmental nuisance, if not properly disposed. In most developing countries, this waste is burnt causing environmental problems and health challenges. The utilization of biodegraded ensiled agricultural waste, as an energy source, in livestock nutrition is proposed as a viable solution of reducing pollution. Agricultural waste such as straws is carbohydrate-rich materials that have a large potential as a dietary energy source for ruminants. This study aimed to determine the effect of anaerobic ensiling of raw agricultural waste with a fibrolytic enzyme cocktail as a cleaner and sustainable biological product for animal feed. Ten samples of 1 kg each of wheat straw, corn stalks and sugarcane bagasse were ensiled with enzyme cocktail at 0, 1 or 3 mL/kg dry matter of feed. Before ensiling, feed samples were chopped at 5 cm and moistened to a relative humidity of approximately 50% and then kept for 30 d in plastic bales. Feed type  enzyme level interactions were observed (P < 0.01) for nutrient contents and fermentation kinetics. Increasing the level of enzyme cocktail increased (P < 0.01) crude protein and ether extract contents but decreased organic matter and non-structural carbohydrates contents of the three feeds. The enzyme cocktail also decreased (P < 0.01) neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of corn stalks and sugarcane bagasse. The high level of the enzyme cocktail increased (P < 0.05) methane production from corn stalks but decreased it from sugarcane bagasse. Fermentation parameters response to ensiling differed among the ensiled feeds. It can be concluded that anaerobic fermentation of enzyme-treated agricultural waste and feeding it to livestock is one of the viable ways of utilizing this waste which otherwise could have constituted nuisance and pollution to the environment, if incinerated or improperly disposed.
Ruminal fermentation is accompanied by production of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) which are greenhouse gases (GHG) that cause environmental pollution. The effect of natural feed additives on the in vitro fermentation and production of CH 4 and CO 2 in dairy calf has had less attention. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of garlic oil, xylanase enzyme, and yeast on in vitro biogas production from dairy calves fed a high concentrate diet. Rumen contents from 60-d old Holstein calves fed a concentrate diet were used as inoculum source. Garlic oil was included at 30,120, 250 and 500 mL/g dry matter (DM), while xylanase was included at 3 and 6 mL/g DM and yeast at 2 and 4 mg/g DM. The substrate used was the same as the diet fed to calves. Garlic oil linearly decreased (P < 0.05) in vitro DM digestibility and there were no differences among levels of either xylanase or yeast. Garlic oil decreased (P < 0.05) DM degradability while xylanase and yeast had no effect. The lag phase was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing level of garlic oil. Garlic oil quadratically decreased CH 4 and CO 2 production. The control treatment had the highest CH 4 and CO 2 production followed by xylanase, yeast and garlic oil. Increasing level of xylanase and yeast increased (P < 0.05) CO 2 production. It can be concluded that garlic oil followed by yeast and then xylanase can be used to mitigate in vitro CH 4 and CO 2 production from dairy calves fed a high concentrate diet. However, further research is warranted to establish the efficacy of such feed additives in in vivo trials.
RESUMENSe caracterizaron 1,000 canales ovinas producidas en México. Los datos se procesaron a través de estadística descriptiva y mediante un diseño totalmente al azar. Del total de canales evaluadas 82.2 % correspondieron a machos y 17.8 % hembras. Se identificaron 53 genotipos (11 razas puras y 42 cruzamientos diversos). El peso al faenado promedió 43.2 ± 7.2 kg (20.4 a 85.7), el peso medio de la canal fría fue 22.0 ± 4.1 kg (11.3 a 50.0) y tuvo un rendimiento medio de 50.0 ± 5.1 % (34.7 a 73.5), el área del ojo de chuleta promedió 14.8 ± 3.8 cm 2 (2.7 a 29.7), el espesor de la grasa subcutánea promedió 3.1 ± 1.6 mm (1.0 a 10.0) y el pH 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.0 a 6.5). El sistema de producción intensiva mostró mayores valores en peso a la matanza, peso de la canal fría y área del ojo de chuleta (44.4 ± 5.9 kg, 22.8 ± 3.3 kg y 15.5 ± 3.6 cm 2 , respectivamente) que el semiintensivo (43.6 ± 5.3 kg, 19.9 ± 3.1 kg y 13.8 ± 2.5 cm 2 ) y el extensivo (36.4 ± 9.7, 19.6 ± 2.6 kg y 9.6 ± 2.6 cm 2 ). Los machos presentaron mayores valores que las hembras en peso al sacrificio (44.3 ± 6.7 vs 40.1 ± 6.1 kg), peso de la canal fría (22.2 ± 3.8 vs 21.2 ± 4.4 kg) y área del ojo de chuleta (15.2 ± 3.7 vs 12.7 ± 3.7 cm 2 ). La gran diversidad en el fenotipo y condición de los ovinos para abasto originó una amplia variabilidad en las propiedades de la canal, que limita el mercado formal de la carne ovina, por lo que convendría reordenar la producción ovina nacional dirigiéndola hacia una condición de calidad más uniforme.PALABRAS CLAVE: Caracterización, Ovinos, Calidad, Canal. ABSTRACTOne thousand (1,000) sheep carcasses produced in Mexico were characterized. Data were processed through descriptive statistics and using a totally random design. From total carcasses, 82.2 % were males and 17.8 % females. Fifty three (53) genotypes (11 pure breeds and 42 different crosses) were identified. Slaughter weight averaged 43.2 ± 7.2 kg (20.4 to 85.7), cold carcass weight averaged 22.0 ± 4.1 kg (11.3 to 50.0) carcass yield was 50.0 ± 5.1 % (34.7 to 73.5), rib eye area averaged 14.8 ± 3.8 cm 2 (2.7 to 29.7), subcutaneous fat thickness had a mean of 3.1 ± 1.6 mm (1.0 to 10.0) and pH averaged 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.0 to 6.5). The intensive production system showed higher values in slaughter weight, cold carcass weight and rib eye area (44.4 ± 5.9 kg, 22.8 ± 3.3 kg and 15.5 ± 3.6 cm 2 , respectively) than the semi-intensive system (43.6 ± 5.3 kg, 19.9 ± 3.1 kg and 13.8 ± 2.5 cm 2 ) and extensive system (36.4 ± 9.7, 19.6 ± 2.6 kg and 9.6 ± 2.6 cm 2 ). Males had higher values than females in slaughter weight (44.3 ± 6.7 vs 40.1 ± 6.1 kg), cold carcass weight (22.2 ± 3.8 vs 21.2 ± 4.4 kg) and rib eye area (15.2 ± 3.7 vs 12.7 ± 3.7 cm 2 ). The great diversity in phenotypes and different lamb conditions caused considerable variability in carcass traits, which limits the formal lamb market, so sheep domestic production should be reordered towards a more uniform quality condition.
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