From a panel of 10 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) prepared against specific isolates representing the three recognized strain groups of potato virus Y (PVY), i.e., common (PVYO), tobacco veinal necrosis (PVYN), and stipple streak (PVYC), seven were selected for serotype analysis. These MAbs were tested for reactivity with 52 PVY strains representing all three strain groups from an international collection. Within the PVYN strain group, five serotypes were identified and designated N1 to N5. The PVYO strain group was more diverse, and nine serotypes were defined and designated O1 to O9. Only one serotype, designated C1, was defined) within the PVYC strain group. The same panel of MAbs was used to test 632 PVY samples collected from potato seed certification plots in North America. Although no PVY(N) serotypes were found, all of the PVYO serotypes were identified, and several samples, tentatively assigned to the C1 serotype, were found.
A carlavirus (code name RLSV and subsequently named potato latent carlavirus, PotLV) with serological and biological characteristics different from those of potato M carlavirus (PVM) and potato S carlavirus (PVS) was detected in the potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar Red LaSoda by the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency in 1992. During a routine electron microscope testing of accessions in the Vancouver Collection of Virus-Free Potatoes growing in the California winter test in 1993, a filamentous rod-shaped virus similar to PVS and PVM was found in a Red LaSoda clone from Nebraska. The virus was isolated and purified. The monoclonal antibody, MAb 4E12, which is highly specific to the PotLV virus, was developed. From 1994 to 1998, the accessions in the Vancouver Collection of Virus-Free Potatoes were assayed by triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) using the 4E12 MAb. Seven accessions tested from 1994 to 1996 were infected with PotLV. None of the 270 and 267 accessions in this collection tested positive for this virus in 1997 and 1998, respectively. In 1997 and 1998, the 137 accessions in the U.S. National Varietal Collection maintained at Presque Isle, Maine, were also assayed using the 4E12 MAb. The cultivars High Plains, Platte, and Red LaSoda were the only accessions that tested positive for PotLV. Nicotiana benthamiana, N. megalosiphon, and N. occidentalis are new systemic hosts for PotLV. TAS-ELISA with the 4E12 MAb is now part of the standardized test for PotLV in Canada.
No abstract
This article addresses two issues in the Book of Ruth that have not yet received much scholarly attention: why is the narrative plotted in the time of the judges, whilst the time of narration dates to the postexilic period, and why is one of the protagonists Ruth, the Moabitess, whilst the law in Deuteronomy 23:3�4 (HB 4�5) clearly forbids the presence of Moabitess and Ammonites in the community of YHWH? A suggestion is made that a possible explanation to both these questions may be found in tensions regarding Israel�s identity in the Second Temple period. Two different yet not completely opposite viewpoints are illuminated: that of the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah who envisioned an exclusive Israel that is construed along genealogical and religious lines, and that of the Book of Ruth where solidarity with the people of Israel and the worship of YHWH are embraced by foreigners. Both sides are concerned about the identity of Israel and loyalty to YHWH, yet they employ a different jargon in order to argue for the inclusion or exclusion of foreigners. Furthermore, Ezra and Nehemiah consider mixed marriages as a serious threat to Israel�s identity, and they justify the expulsion of foreign wives on the basis of the Book of Moses. According to the Book of Deuteronomy, Moses interpreted the Torah for the children of Israel at Mount Nebo in Moab: Moab thus functioned as an interpretive space for the Torah. The Book of Ruth proposes an alternative interpretation of the Torah, also from the plains of Moab and the exegesis comes in the person of Ruth, the Moabitess.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article challenges the point of view that the Book of Ruth is a charming narrative of loyalty and love. Research reveals that this Book is a polemic document and its main contribution is to the intradisciplinary field of biblical hermeneutics that requests a re-interpretation of texts for changing circumstances.
Ruth 4:18-22: A window to Israel's past. The genealogy at the end of the Book of Ruth starts with Perez and ends with David, thereby covering Israel's history since the time of the sojourn in Egypt to the Davidic monarchy. This article focuses on Ruth 4:18-22 and what its genealogy may reveal. After a brief review of different types of genealogies in the Hebrew Bible, the problematic dating of the Book of Ruth becomes secondary; however, a particular perspective will determine the rest of the interpretation of the genealogy. My point of view in this article is that the Book of Ruth dates back to the period of the Second Temple. I examine the following issues: the connection between Ruth 4:18-22 and 1 Chronicles 2:4-15, as David's genealogy appears only in these two passages of the Hebrew Bible; the connection between the tenmember genealogy in the Book of Ruth and similar ten-member genealogies of Genesis; and whether Ruth 4:18-22 is a later addendum to the text or part of the original. The conclusion to these questions is that the genealogy of the Book of Ruth is similar to those in Genesis, and that it was part of the original book. The median of the genealogy of the Book of Ruth takes place in the desert with Nahshon as the representative of that era. Nahshon's sister happens to be married to Aaron whose priesthood is elevated above the rest of the tribe of Levi, and to whose descendants eternal priesthood is promised. Phinehas, his grandson, appears to be extremely intolerant of mixed marriages -an attitude which is later sustained by his descendant, Ezra, the scribe. The article also touches briefly upon the whole problem of mixed marriages and a sense of identity during the Second Temple period. The conclusion is that the author of the Book of Ruth was written by members of the scholarly circles of this period in opposition to exclusivist circles as to remind the community of the important role that women -especially foreign women -played in the formative history of the nation. VoorwoordHierdie artikel word opgedra aan Jurie le Roux. Ek sal hom onthou as iemand met 'n besondere voorliefde vir die teologiese wetenskap en die geskiedenis. Jurie het egter altyd beklemtoon dat 'n mens nooit 'n vaste greep op die geskiedenis kan kry nie, want die oomblik nadat iets gebeur het, is die feitelike verlore, en bly slegs 'n interpretasie oor. Geskiedenis is dus nie feite nie, maar interpretasies van gebeure. Daarom begin ek hierdie artikel met 'n veelseggende aanhaling uit 'n boek. Inleiding'Die verlede is 'n ander land; waar is die pad wat soontoe loop?' Roerende eerste woorde in Karel Schoeman se boek, Na die geliefde land (1972:1). In hierdie boek worstel die mens met sy gebondenheid aan die verlede. Hy kan sy verlede nie ontsnap nie, maar terselfdertyd kan hy nie regtig daarby uitkom nie, want hy kry nie die pad daarheen nie. Dis 'n diepe tragedie, want nou is hy vasgevang, hy stagneer en dis vir hom onmoontlik om vooruit te gaan.'n Geslagsregister, oftewel 'n stamboom, kan die mens dalk 'n bietjie help om hierdi...
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