No abstract

Theory of Change (ToC) is an emerging methodology in the practice of development programmes, often contrasted with the dominant logical framework. This article reviews current debates around ToC before identifying five aspects that are appreciated in practice. It appears that these aspects mostly cover areas where the logical framework is not -or is no longer -meeting the needs of practitioners. Subsequently, the article analyses experiences in ToC training for NGO staff and concludes that ToC can address shortcomings of the logical framework -if only by going back to some of the roots of the logical framework.La théorie du changement (TC) est une méthodologie émergente dans la pratique des programmes de développement, qui est souvent mise en contraste avec le cadre logique dominant. Cet article examine les débats en cours relatifs à la TC avant d'identifier cinq aspects qui sont appréciés dans la pratique. Il semblerait que ces aspects couvrent principalement des domaines dans lesquels le cadre logique ne satisfait pas -ou plusles besoins des praticiens. L'article analyse ensuite les expériences en matière de formation en TC destinée au personnel des ONG et conclut que la TC peut remédier aux défauts du cadre logique -ne serait-ce qu'en retournant vers certaines des racines du cadre logique.En la ejecución de los programas de desarrollo, la Teoría del Cambio (TdC) constituye una metodología emergente que a menudo es contrastada contra el marco lógico prevaleciente. El presente artículo examina los debates actuales en torno a la TdC antes de identificar cinco aspectos que surgen de la práctica. Parece ser que dichos aspectos intervienen, generalmente, en ámbitos en los que el marco lógico nunca cumplió, o ya no cumple, con las necesidades de los operadores. Posteriormente, el artículo analiza las experiencias registradas en torno a la capacitación del personal de ONG respecto a la TdC, concluyendo que dicha teoría puede subsanar las lagunas existentes en el marco lógico a través de un ejercicio que se remonta a analizar los antecedentes del mismo. IntroductionFor more than two decades, the logical framework approach, or logframe, has been the dominant methodology in the design, monitoring, and evaluation of aid programmes. However, in the last few years, another methodology -Theory of Change (ToC) -has come to the forefront. In the practice of many NGOs, it is often not clear how or to what extent these two methodologies relate to each other, and this is raising considerable debate. Do they complement each other to ensure better quality of analysis or planning, or can one replace the other and reduce workload? This paper aims to clarify the conceptual origins of, and relations between, both methodologies before exploring development practitioners' appreciation of both established logframe methodology as well as the emerging ToC methodology.We start by considering the dominance of the logframe and the emergence of ToC, highlighting debates in universities and among aid agencies. We then move to practice and review...

of frontline actors who engage with meat, and the ways in which social, material and institutional realities shape these, is important for understanding how decisions about risk and meat safety are made in the complexity and context of everyday life, and thus for finding effective ways to support them to further enhance their work.

No abstract

Background Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are major causes of bloodstream infection and diarrheal disease in East Africa. Sources of human infection, including the role of the meat pathway, are poorly understood. Methods We collected cattle, goat, and poultry meat pathway samples from December 2015 through August 2017 in Tanzania and isolated Salmonella using standard methods. Meat pathway isolates were compared with nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from persons with bloodstream infection and diarrheal disease from 2007 through 2017 from Kenya by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). Isolates were characterized for antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and diversity. Results We isolated NTS from 164 meat pathway samples. Of 172 human NTS isolates, 90 (52.3%) from stool and 82 (47.7%) from blood, 53 (30.8%) were Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 and 62 (36.0%) Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. We identified cgMLST clusters within Salmonella Enteritidis ST11, Salmonella Heidelberg ST15, Salmonella Typhimurium ST 19, and Salmonella II 42:r:- ST1208 that included both human and meat pathway isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 was isolated exclusively from human samples. Human and poultry isolates bore more antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and were less diverse than isolates from other sources. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the meat pathway may be an important source of human infection by some clades of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 in East Africa, but not of human Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 infection. Research is needed to systematically examine the contribution of other types of meat, animal products, produce, water, and environmental exposures to nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in East Africa.