The fit of fixed multiunit dental prostheses (FDP), traditionally termed fixed partial dentures (FPDs), is an ongoing problem. Poorly fitting restorations may hasten mechanical failure, due to abutment caries or screw failure. Soldering and welding play an important role in trying to overcome misfit of fixed multiunit prostheses. The term FPD will be used to denote multiunit fixed dental prostheses in this review. This is the first of a series of articles that review the state of the art and science of soldering and welding in relation to the fit of cemented or screw-retained multiunit prostheses. A comprehensive archive of background information and scientific findings is presented. Texts in dental materials and prosthodontics were reviewed. Scientific data were drawn from the numerous laboratory studies up to and including 2009. The background, theory, terminology, and working principles, along with the applied research, are presented. This first article focuses on soldering principles and dimensional accuracy in soldering. There is some discussion and suggestions for future research and development. Soldering may improve dimensional accuracy or reduce the distortion of multiunit fixed prostheses. Many variables can affect the outcome in soldering technique. Research science has developed some helpful guidelines. Research projects are disconnected and limited in scope.
Key words. Drug delivery, endocytosis, evanescent wave microscopy, imaging systems, live-cell imaging, medical and biological imaging, microscopy, total internal reflection fluorescence.
SummaryThis paper presents a simple, high-resolution, non-fluorescent imaging technique called total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) and demonstrates its potential application to realtime imaging of live cellular events. In addition, a novel instrument is introduced that combines the simplicity of TIRM with the specificity afforded by dual-colour total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and allows sequential imaging with the two modalities. The key design considerations necessary to apply these imaging modes in a single instrument are discussed. The application of TIRM alone yielded high-resolution live images of cell adherence to a poly-L -lysine modified substrate, whereby fine cellular structures are imaged. Non-fluorescent imaging of the uptake of sub-micron-sized polymeric particles by live cells is also demonstrated. Finally, images of fluorescently labelled cells were obtained in TIRF mode, sequentially to images obtained of the same cell in TIRM mode. Visual information gained using TIRF is compared with TIRM to demonstrate that the level of cell structure information obtainable with our total internal reflection microscope is comparable with the TIRF technique.
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