São apresentados os resultados das investigações sobre os focos de esquistossomose nas localidades de Pedro de Toledo e Itariri, com referência especial aos índices de infecção natural obtidos para a espécie Biomphalaria tenagophila. Êste molusco, transmissor de esquistossomose no Vale do Ribeira já foi assinalado nos seguintes municípios daquela região: Eldorado, Iguape, Itariri, Jacupiranga, Juquiá, Miracatu, Pariqueraçu, Pedro de Toledo, Registro e Sete Barras. Os índices cercáricos de 68,1%, 75,0% e 81,3% obtidos em alguns lotes de B. tenagophila, os mais altos já verificados para esta espécie, vem mais uma vez comprovar sua grande suscetibilidade à infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni.
The literature on sero-epidemiological studies of flaviviral infections in the African continent is quite scarce. Much of the viral epidemiology studies have been focussing on diseases such as HIV/AIDS because of their sheer magnitude and impact on the lives of people in the various affected countries. Increasingly disease outbreaks caused by arboviruses such as the recent cases of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and yellow fever virus have prompted renewed interest in studying these viruses. International agencies from the US, several EU nations and China are starting to build collaborations to build capacity in many African countries together with established institutions to conduct these studies. The Tofo Advanced Study Week (TASW) was established to bring the best scientists from the world to the tiny seaside town of Praia do Tofo to rub shoulders with African virologists and discuss cutting-edge science and listen to the work of researchers in the field. In 2015 the 1st TASW focussed on Ebola virus. The collections of abstracts from participants at the 2nd TASW which focused on Dengue and Zika virus as well as presentations on other arboviruses are collated in this chapter.
Relatam-se os resultados de inquérito sorológico para pesquisa de anticorpos de 17 arbovírus em 337 escolares de 6 a 14 anos de idade, residentes em quatro áreas, com diferentes características ecológicas, situadas no município de Iguape, Vale do Ribeira, do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil): 1 - zona urbana da cidade de Iguape; 2 - Rocio, bairro periférico com características rurais; 3 - zona de cultura extensiva de banana, na planície litorânea; 4 - zona de mata primitiva na região pré-serrana. Observou-se, em 8,31% dos investigados, a presença de anticorpos inibidores de hemaglutinação de arbovírus dos grupos antigênicos A, B, C, Bunyamwera, Simbu e Anopheles A. Evidenciou-se diferença significante na proporção dos soros positivos entre escolares residentes nas zonas de bananal e de mata (19,05% e 16,67%) e moradores na zona urbana e no bairro do Rocio (1,89% e 3,81%). Crianças sempre residentes na zona urbana de Iguape, sem hábito de freqüência a ambiente silvestre, apresentaram anticorpos neutralizantes para os vírus Caraparu e Rocio, sugerindo transmissão urbana desses agentes. Não há indícios sorológicos de infecções recentes causadas pelo flavivírus Rocio.
Background: Influenza presents a major health problem, affecting hundreds of millions of people with high morbidity and mortality. Because of the importance of immunological regulations at mucosa, protection provided at the pathogen's entry site, and promising results with different infectious diseases at mucosa, in both clinical and experimental settings, it would be advantageous to study the mucosal adjuvant with influenza antigens.Methods & Materials: The M1, HA/M1, HA/M1/GPI-CCL28 VLPs were prepared by co-infecting sf9 insect cells with rBVs expressing M1, HA and GPI-CCL28. The surface expression and in-vitro chemotactic activity towards CCR3 + /CCR10 + cells of GPI-CCL28 were checked using flowcytometry. All prepared VLPs were characterized and immunized in mice intranasally. The IgG/IgA responses were investigated in sera, tracheal, lung, and intestinal washes. We analyzed CD4 + IFN-␥ + cells for proliferation and CD8 + CD107a + cells for cytolytic activities using FACS at spleen, lung, mediastinal lymph nodes, and peyer's patches. The Th1/Th2 cytokine and IgG/IgA secreting cells were estimated using ELISPOT while total concentration were checked by sandwich ELISA. Protective studies were evaluated in animals across distantly related subtypes.Results: The HA/M1/GPI-CCL28 VLPs showed in-vitro chemotactic activity for CD3 + /CCR3 + /CCR10 + cells and CD19 + /CCR3 + /CCR10 + cells. The end point titer for IgG in sera and IgA in mucosal washes ranged between 51200-102400 and 6400-12800 respectively, in HA/M1/GPI-CCL28 VLPs, significantly (p<0.0001) higher (4-6 fold) than HA/M1 VLPs alone or HA/M1 VLPs with sCCL28 (soluble) with significantly higher IgG/IgA secreting cells. The IgG2a was observed higher than IgG1, indicating Th1 type of immune response. The HAI titer was significantly (p<0.001) higher (3-5 fold) in antibodies with HA/M1/GPI-CCL28 VLPs than other formulations. The HA/M1/GPI-CCL28 VLPs induced cell proliferation but not encouraged cytolytic activities. During cytokine estimations, a high IFN-␥ and IL-2 with low IL-4 and TNF-␣ were observed. Protective efficacy was determined by challenging with A/Aichi/2/1968/H3N2 (homologous) and A/Philippines/2/1982/H3N2 (drifted) viruses and showed 100% and 80% survival in respective viruses, with no significant body weight lose, in the group of HA VLPs containing GPI-CCL28. Conclusion:The GPI-CCL28 in influenza VLPs act as a strong immunostimulator at both systemic and mucosal sites when compared with influenza VLPs without CCL28, or influenza VLPs mixed with sCCL28, with significant protection in animals across distantly related subtypes.
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