No abstract

No abstract

Although self-regulated learning (SRL) is becoming increasingly important in modern educational contexts, disagreements exist regarding its measurement. One particularly important issue is whether self-reports represent valid ways to measure this process. Several researchers have advocated the use of behavioral indicators of SRL instead. An outstanding research debate concerns the extent to which it is possible to compare behavioral measures of SRL to traditional ways of measuring SRL using self-report questionnaire data, and which of these methods provides the most valid and reliable indicator of SRL. The current review investigates this question. It was found that granularity is an important concept in the comparison of SRL measurements, influencing the degree to which students can accurately report on their use of SRL strategies. The results show that self-report questionnaires may give a relatively accurate insight into students' global level of self-regulation, giving them their own value in educational research and remediation. In contrast, when students are asked to report on specific SRL strategies, behavioral measures give a more accurate account. First and foremost, researchers and practitioners must have a clear idea about their research question or problem statement, before choosing or combining either form of measurement.

Medical education increasingly stresses that medical students should be prepared to take up multiple roles as a health professional. This requires the integrated acquisition of multiple competences such as clinical reasoning and decision making, communication skills and management skills. To promote such complex learning, instructional design has focused on the use of authentic, real-life learning tasks that students perform in a real or simulated task environment. The four-component instructional design model (4C/ID) model is an instructional design model that starts from the use of such tasks and provides students with a variety of learning tools facilitating the integrated acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes. In what follows, we guide the reader on how to implement educational programs based on the 4C/ID model and illustrate this with an example from general practice education. The developed learning environment is in line with the whole-task approach, where a learning domain is considered as a coherent, integrated whole and where teaching progresses from offering relatively simple, but meaningful, authentic whole tasks to more complex tasks. We describe the steps that were taken, from prototype over development to implementation, to build five learning modules (patient with diabetes; the young child with fever; axial skeleton; care for the elderly and physically undefined symptoms) that all focus on the integrated acquisition of the Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists roles in general practice. Furthermore, a change cycle for educational innovation is described that encompasses practice-based challenges and pitfalls about the collaboration between different stakeholders (students, developers and teachers) and the transition from traditional, fragmented and classroom-based learning to integrated and blended learning based on sound instructional design principles.

This contribution explores the relationship between teacher-centred and student-centred learning environments from a student's perspective. Three different views with respect to this relationship can be retrieved. The balance view suggests that the more teacher-centred a learning environment is, the less student-centred it is and vice versa. The transactional view stresses the continuous renegotiation of teacher-and student-roles. The independent view argues that teacher-and studentcentredness are independent features of learning environments. Results from three survey studies of higher education students' conceptions of quality education are discussed. While the practiceoriented literature regularly seems to adopt a balance view, factor analyses did not reveal evidence for the balance view in any of these studies. In students' minds student-centredness and teachercentredness seem to be mutually reinforcing features of high quality education. From a curricular point of view, and especially with regard to teacher training, the results warrant to argue for the development of so-called powerful learning environments rather than for the transition from teacher-centred towards student-centred learning environments.