Dermal fillers are increasingly used for soft tissue augmentation of the face and hands. The widespread use of dermal fillers for rejuvenation has led to a rise in reports of associated complications. Although the majority of complications are mild and transient, serious and long-lasting complications have been observed. This article discusses the key complications including pigmentary changes, hypersensitivity reactions, infections, nodule formation, granulomatous reactions, vascular occlusion and migration of filler material. A thorough literature review was performed in addition to the combined extensive authors' (GP and FA) experience. Complications from fillers are increasingly being recognized and highlighted in the literature partly reflecting the growth in the market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the filler complications with mechanisms of prevention and treatment per complication. A thorough understanding of the preventative and management strategies for the associated dermal filler complications will help the physician to prepare the patient well, and deal with complications that may arise effectively.

Background-Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a deadly demyelinating disease of the brain, caused by reactivation of the polyomavirus JC (JCV). PML has classically been described in individuals with profound cellular immunosuppression such as patients with AIDS, hematological malignancies, organ transplant recipients or those treated with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory medications for autoimmune diseases.

In treatment-experienced patients with suboptimal viral suppression, tenofovir DF significantly reduced HIV-1 RNA level and had a safety profile similar to that of placebo.