A new roentgenographic classification (grading) scheme is presented for utilization in studies of skeletal development and maturation in marine mammals, particularly cetaceans. This is based on adequate description of the extent of development and maturation of the various secondary ossification centers, their eventual patterns of fusion, and subsequent remodeling with the metaphysis. The six stages are illustrated schematically and roentgenographically. This scheme may be applied to any cetacean longitudinal bone developing proximal and distal epiphyseal ossification centers.
Thirty-one pairs of distal radioulnar units were obtained from human cadavers ranging in age from full-term neonates to fourteen years. These were studied morphologically and radiographically. Specimen roentgenography using air/cartilage interfacing demonstrated the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses. These roentgenographic aspects of development are discussed and illustrated to provide a reference index. The radial and ulnar physeal/metaphyseal contours initially are transverse. Progressively the distal radius develops a proximally directed curve adjacent to the radioulnar joint. Both physes subsequently develop a convex contour with mild undulations, and a central concavity associated with the secondary ossification center. Longitudinal ossification striations were observed crossing the distal ulnar physis. These appear to be normal. At no time during postnatal development did the distal ulna ever articulate directly with the carpus. It was always separated by a segment of triangular fibrocartilage connecting the ulnar styloid to the distal radial epiphysis. This was never perforated. This discoid cartilaginous structure is the anatomic cause of the concomitancy of ulnar styloid fractures with distal radial epiphyseal injuries, an injury pattern which may occur prior to ossification in the ulnar styloid, and which may lead to non-union of the styloid when ossification eventually occurs. In none of the specimens was an accessory ossification center present in either the radial or ulnar styloid process.
Abstract. Twenty-three pairs of proximal humeri obtained from human cadavers ranging in age from fullterm stillborn to fourteen years were studied morphologically and radiographically. Roentgenograms of the specimens demonstrated the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses, using air/cartilage interfacing. Comparable clinical simulations were obtained by using water immersion of the specimens. The metaphyseal cortex remained thin and trabecular near the physis. Histologically this area had multiple fenestrations, which provide a potential pathway for childhood osteomyelitis into the subperiosteal space, and may also affect the biomechanics of this region (i.e., susceptibility to Salter epiphyseal fractures). As skeletal maturity was reached, thicker cortical (osteonal) bone extended toward the physis. The epiphyseal secondary ossification centers form an osseous connection shortly after the appearance of greater tuberosity ossification center, although this may not be radiologically evident until the child is older. The major intent of this roentgenographic survey is to provide a reference index of proximal humeral development for the adequate interpretation of shoulder radiography in children who have not yet attained skeletal maturity.
Thirty-one pairs of clavicles obtained from human cadavers ranging in age from full-term stillborn to fourteen years were studied morphologically and radiographically. Specimen roentgenography using air/cartilage interfacing demonstrated the osseous and cartilaginous portions of the epiphyses. Overall longitudinal growth appeared to occur to a greater degree in the sternal end, which also developed a secondary ossification center. No comparable ossification was seen in the acromion. The curve patterns differed in the acromial and sternal ends. The sternoclavicular joint has a meniscus throughout postnatal development. This was demonstrated by air arthrography. Finally, the sternoclavicular joint was dislocated anteriorly and posteriorly to duplicate trauma to this region. Roentgenographic aspects of development are discussed and illustrated to provide a reference index.
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