Patients with either CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 show higher risk of over-anticoagulation compared to CYP2C9*1*1 subjects and could benefit from a reduction in the initial warfarin standard dose (e.g., to 2.5 mg/day).
Common functional polymorphisms in β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) genes have been associated with heart failure (HF) phenotypes and pharmacogenetic interactions with βAR blockers. This study evaluated the association between βAR polymorphisms and carvedilol drug response and prognosis in patients with HF. In this prospective cohort controlled study, 326 volunteers were enrolled [146 HF patients (ejection fraction (EF)<50% by Simpson) and 180 healthy controls]. Drug response was evaluated by echocardiography and outcomes were mortality and hospitalization. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, fragments were amplified by the polymerase reaction and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for Ser49Gly and Arg389Gly βAR-1 polymorphisms and Gln27Glu and Arg16Gly βAR-2 polymorphisms. The study population was in Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium. The survival rate was adjusted using the Kaplan-Meier method. HF patients showed the following characteristics: EF 35±9%, 69.9% male, age 59±13 years, 50.7% self-identified as black, 46% had ischemic etiology. The mean follow-up of 23 months showed 18 mortalities and 46 hospitalizations. The genotypes Glu27Glu (24.7 vs. 6.1%, p=0.0004) and Arg16Arg (72.6 vs. 22.8, p<0.0001) of βAR2 polymorphisms and Gly49Gly (33.6 vs. 4.3%, p<0.0001) of the βAR1 polymorphism were higher in HF patients compared with controls. Patients with hospital admission showed a significantly higher Gly389 allelic frequency (54.9 vs. 42.1%, p=0.039), and the trend prevailed among patients who succumbed to the disease (61.1%, p=0.047). Black patients with the Ser49Ser genotype showed a reduced survival compared with the Gly49Gly or Ser49Gly genotypes (p=0.028). There was no association between improved LVEF >20% and βAR polymorphisms. HF patients with β-blocker therapy and the Gly389 allele have reduced event-free survival compared to those carrying the Arg389 allele. Additionally, systolic HF outpatients undergoing β-blocker therapy, self‑identified as black and homozygous for Ser49Ser may have reduced event-free survival, while Glu27Glu, Arg16Arg and Gly49Gly genotypes may be associated with risk for HF.
The aim of the present work was to examine possible genetic risk factors related to the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in Brazilian population, the frequency of β S -globin gene haplotypes and co-inheritance with α-thalassemia (-α 3.7kb ) and single nucleotide polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-C677T), Factor V Leiden (FV-G1691A) and prothrombin (PT-G20210A) genes in children from Rio de Janeiro. Ninety four children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) were included, 24 patients with cerebrovascular involvement and 70 patients without CVD as control group. The mean age of children at the time of the cerebrovascular event was similar to the control group. The frequency of -α 3.7kb thalassemia was similar in both groups (p=0.751). Children with Bantu/Atypical β S -globin gene haplotype presented 15 times more chance (OR=15.4 CI 95% 2.9-81.6) of CVD than the other β S -globin gene haplotypes. The C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene was similar in both groups (p=0.085). No mutation in the FV Leiden or PT genes was found. A large study seems necessary to establish the role of these genetic polymorphisms in Brazilian miscegenated population. Key words: sickle cell anemia, cerebrovascular disease, alpha-thalassemia, beta-globin haplotypes, genetic polymorphism.Polimorfismos genéticos e doença cerebrovascular em crianças com anemia falciforme do Rio do Janeiro, Brasil RESUMO Avaliar o papel da talassemia alfa (-α 3.7kb ), dos haplótipos da globina β S , e mutações nos genes da metileno-tetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR-C677T), fator V de Leiden (FV-G1691A) e protrombina (PT-G20210A) como fatores de risco para a doença cerebrovascular em pacientes com anemia falciforme. Foi realizado um estudo de caso controle com 94 crianças portadoras de anemia falciforme, 24 com doença cerebrovascular (DCV) e 70 sem DCV como grupo controle. A frequência de talassemia -α 3.7kb foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p=0,751). Crianças portadoras do haplótipo Bantu/Atípico da globina β S apresentam 15 vezes mais chances de desenvolverem DCV (OR=15,4 IC 95% 2,9-81,6) do que os outros haplótipos. A frequência do polimorfismo MTHFR-C677T foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p=0,085) e não foi observada mutação nos genes fator V e protrombina. Estudos com maior número de casos são necessários para esclarecer o papel desses polimorfismos genéticos na nossa população. Palavras-chave: anemia falciforme, acidente vascular cerebral, talassemia alfa, globinas beta, polimorfismo genético.
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