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Creating a resilient environment for disasters is a primary contemporary challenge. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) are well-known concepts, and practices used to reduce vulnerability and thereby contribute to the creation of a resilient environment. There is growing recognition that the theory and practice of CCA and DRR are converging and therefore, CCA and DRR efforts should be integrated to bring about effective solutions to reduce vulnerability and to create a resilient environment to disasters. However, the integration of CCA and DRR has always been a challenge due to several factors that hinder the process. Asia is highly vulnerable to disasters due to its geographical location, unplanned development, undistributed internal migration for urban areas and so on. Within this context, it is extremely important that the region undertakes strategies to create a resilient environment. In order to create a resilient environment, CCA and DRR integration plays a vital role, but within the current social, economic, political and demographic context of Asia, integration of CCA and DRR has become difficult. Based on the findings of a global analysis conducted as part of the research project ESPREssO, funded by the EU Horizon 2020 programme, this paper provides a critical review of the existing challenges associated with integrating DRR and CCA in order to create a resilient environment in Asia. During the first phase of the study, a narrative desk-based literature review was conducted, and during the second stage, extensive primary data collection was undertaken. The primary data collection methods were semi-structured expert interviews, expert focus group discussions, and an online questionnaire survey. Analysis revealed that a chaotic institutional setup , political priorities, funding issues, stakeholder interests, and communication barriers are the prominent challenges to the integration of CCA and DRR in Asia, which must be overcome in order to establish a resilient environment.

Successful mitigation of flood risk requires an integrated, basin-wide approach. This is particularly important in transboundary river basins, where the actions of multiple stakeholders must be coordinated. The Ciliwung River, Indonesia, presents an example of a complex urban basin that crosses multiple administrative borders. The increasing frequency and severity of floods in the downstream capital city of Jakarta has highlighted the need for better river governance arrangements. However, it is unclear what form these arrangements should take. This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework that identifies the key concepts relevant to flood management and governance in transboundary river basins and how they relate to the situation in the Ciliwung. Key concepts were drawn from a review of the literature conducted using online databases and search engines. The framework firstly outlines the flood hazard itself in terms of drivers and impacts. It then goes on to establish the associated governance arrangements and identifies any interdependencies. The framework highlights multiple interrelated drivers of flood risk, both human and physical. There is also a range of governance issues related to capacities, coordination of institutions, and fragmentation of plans and policies. Due to flood risk and river management complexities, this conceptual framework provides much-needed clarity to develop improved management arrangements in the Ciliwung River Basin. It also sets a framework to facilitate future research on transboundary management in relation to flood risk in other urban and peri-urban river basins.

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The Ciliwung River in Java, Indonesia, is known to cause frequent flooding in the downstream capital city of Jakarta. From source to mouth the river flows through several administrative units. Indonesia’s decentralised governance structure means that each unit has the authority to develop its own plans and to address its own objectives. Not only that, but flood management spans many sectors, and these sectors need to work together throughout the decentralised governance system. This can pose a significant challenge to achieving integrated river management to mitigate flooding, where plans need to be carefully coordinated and high levels of collaboration are required. This chapter examines the current governance arrangements in the Ciliwung River Basin, to understand what challenges may be preventing successful coordination of flood management. The findings of the study are based on a systematic review of the literature conducted within the frame of the NERC and RISTEK-BRIN funded project: Mitigating hydrometeorological hazard impacts through improved transboundary river management in the Ciliwung River Basin. The findings suggest several issues that restrict the effectiveness of coordination for flood mitigation in the Ciliwung Basin. Imprecisely defined roles and responsibilities, issues including lack of capacity at the local level, insufficient coordination between local administrations, and limitations to the function of coordination platforms are some of the challenges identified. The findings highlight that coordination challenges do not only exist at basin scale, but that coordination issues beyond the basin can also have an impact. Overall, the chapter presents insights into the coordination challenges facing flood governance in urban transboundary basins. It also provides insights for practitioners on what aspects of river governance may need to be improved to support flood risk reduction, as well as potential topics for future research.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve the conceptual understanding of the process of participation in early warning systems (EWS) through a review of participatory EWS examples in the academic literature. Specifically, this paper asks: who is involved, what responsibilities do participants hold, what activities are they involved in, and what are the associated successes, issues and outcomes? Design/methodology/approach A total of 30 cases of participation in EWS documented in the academic literature were identified through online searches. Existing concepts in participation (power and responsibility, communication) and people-centred early warning (risk knowledge, monitoring and warning, communication and dissemination and response capability) were used to examine each paper. Findings Participation was found to take place through a range of activities across all elements of the EWS. Participation also varied in breadth of inclusion, ranging from the general public to selected volunteers. The majority of cases received support and facilitation from other actors, such as government and NGOs, but the extent of power and responsibility held by participants varied greatly within this. Common successes and issues associated with participatory EWS and the potential outcomes are presented, and the opportunities, challenges and gaps in knowledge are discussed. Originality/value This paper links participation and EWS literature to form a clearer conceptualisation of participation in EWS in support of future research in the field. It provides unique insights into who participates, their roles and relations with other actors and the outcomes of participation.