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Tissue scaffolds with living cells fabricated by three-dimensional bioprinting/plotting techniques are becoming more prevalent in tissue repair and regeneration. In the bioprinting process, cells are subject to process-induced forces (such as shear force) that can result in cell damage and loss of cell function. The flow behavior of the biomaterial solutions that encapsulate living cells in this process plays an important role. This study used a rheometer to examine the flow behavior of alginate solution and alginate-Schwann cell (RSC96), alginate-fibroblast cell (NIH-3T3), and alginate-skeletal muscle cell (L8) suspensions during shearing with respect to effects on cell viability and proliferation. The flow behavior of all the alginate-cell suspensions varied with alginate concentration and cell density and had a significant influence on the viability and proliferation of the cells once sheared as well as on the recovery of the sheared cells. These findings provide a mean to preserve cell viability and/or retain cell proliferation function in the bioprinting process by regulating the flow behavior of cell-biomaterial suspensions and process parameters.

SEMICONDUCTOR-ELECTROLYTE CIRCUITNi is determined by kinetic expressions such asThe first term of the right-hand side is the rate of hole capture by the unfilled interface states giving rise to the filled state; the second term is the rate of electron capture by these filled states; the third term is the rate of a second hole capture by the filled states, e.g., the second step in a corrosion process; and the fourth term is the rate of electron capture from a reducing species in the electrolyte with concentration, Cr.

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