Congenital abnormalities are common among avian and mammalian species. They could be partial or total drift from the normal structural organization of the organ-systems. This article is aimed at reporting the occurrence of multiple abnormalities in a 3-week-old broiler chick. Ante mortem, post-mortem, radiological and osteological investigations were carried out, to ascertain the number and form of abnormalities present in the chick. A total of four different congenital abnormalities were discovered in this chick. These include: polymelia (presence of supernumerary or accessory limb which is usually malformed); double vents (vent duplex); double cloacal bursae (bursa duplex) and triple caeca. Radiological and postmortem examinations revealed the attachment of the accessory limb to the caudal depressor muscle as a form of synsarcosis, via a tendon that originated from the deep fossa of the modified femoral head of the accessory limb. The right vent was patent whereas the left was not. The two cloacal bursae were almost the same size, while the three caeca showed slight variation in length but typical features of the avian caecum (base, middle (body) and apex) were clearly visible. However, most cases of congenital anomalies in the avian species occur as multiple defects, with the most common being polymelia. The latest finding in this report is the discovery of double cloacal bursae (bursae of Fabricius), which has not been reported in the avian species.
Food animals slaughtered in developing countries especially in Nigeria have shown prevalence of abscess which is linked to poor animal husbandry. This condition affects the performance of animals hence decreasing their productivity. Secondary data on abscess in cattle, goats and pigs were extracted from the Jos Abattoir record book for a period of five years. Five hundred and ninety-two (1.8%) animals from a total of 33,637 animals slaughtered had abscess. Pigs had more abscess (3.5%) than cattle (3.3%) and goats (1.4%), respectively. Yearly distribution of this condition revealed peak prevalence in all species in 2014.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, fatal, economically important, transboundary, viral disease of pigs caused by a DNA virus belonging to the genus Asfivirus and in the family Asfarviridae (Murphy et al., 1999). The first reported ASF outbreak in Nigeria was in 1998 at a farm located in Lagos (FAO, 1998;Odemuyiwa et al., 2000). The disease spread widely within the country and has become endemic resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry (Fadiga et al., 2013;Igbokwe & Maduka, 2018). ASF is a very fatal disease that can cause up to 100% mortality in a naïve pig population (Costard et al., 2009). Poor biosecurity, bad abattoir practices and extensive or free-range pig farming systems are known risk factors that facilitate the widespread dissemination of the disease in the country (Owolodun et al., 2010). In West Africa, ASF is reported more in domestic pig population, with humans and other fomites potentiating its spread with a one-time incidence in wild suids (Dixon et al., 2020;Luther et al., 2007). However, both domestic and wild pigs are susceptible to ASFV, but the wild
The consumption of dog meat has been reported in many countries of the world including Nigeria. Different pre-slaughter handling methods are commonly used prior to dog slaughter in many parts of the country including Plateau State. This study determined the frequency and reasons for the use of the various traditional preslaughter handling methods at the "Angwan Kare" Dog Market Jos. Relevant data were collected from 120 butchers interviewed randomly in groups of 20 for six consecutive days. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 120 butchers were interviewed, 114 (95%) used the strangulation method of preslaughter handling. The suffocation method was used by 2 butchers with 1.7% as the overall use frequency. The stunning method was used by 4 butchers with 3.3% as the overall frequency of use. It is evident from this study that the strangulation method with frequency of 95% is the most used of the pre-slaughter handling methods. Dog butchers should be trained and taught proper pre-slaughter stunning techniques to enhance meat quality and dog welfare through the relief of pain, fear and suffering.
Among experienced poultry farmers, a viral infection like Marek's disease could mean an end of the investment in the affected flock. Marek's disease is a highly infectious lymphoproliferative viral disease mainly affecting chickens. It is associated with tumours in the liver, spleen, kidneys, skin, gonads, iris, and paralysis linked to mononuclear cells infiltration of peripheral nerves. It is becoming a serious concern because of the evolution of its etiologic agent toward higher virulence (Dunn et al 2019).This disease is caused by a cell-associated oncogenic DNA virus that belongs to the genus Mardivirus in the subfamily Alphavirinae of the order Herpesvirales (Davison 2010). This oncogenic serotype 1 Herpes virus has been said to cause high economic losses globally, up to $1-2 billion (Morrow, Fehler 2004). These are losses associated with poor growth, egg production losses, chicken death, etc. (Rozins et al 2019). The Marek disease virus is also classified into four pathotypes based on their pathogenicity in experimental infections. These are the mild (m), virulent (v), very virulent (vv), and very virulent plus (vv+) (Bertzbach et al 2020). This disease occurs more commonly in birds between 10 to 15 weeks of age and more often in females (Abdu, Musa 2019), although it also affects older layers.Transmission of the virus occurs through inhalation of virus-laden dust. The virus usually occurs in feathers, oral, nasal, and tracheal secretions. The incubation period is usually 3 -4 weeks to several months. The mortality ranges from 20% to 60%. This disease occurs in classical form (fowl paralysis), which produces nerve lesions or could be with a high level of visceral tumours (acute Mareks disease) or the cutaneous form (Abdu, Musa 2019). Outbreaks of Marek's disease do occur even after vaccinations of day old chicks in the hatchery. This may be because of errors in vaccination at the hatcheries, loss of potency Abstract Marek's disease (MD) remains a major concern to chicken farmers, especially because of its adverse effect on birds' growth, livability, and egg production. Veterinarians often consider the prognosis poor, especially when tumors are seen in organs like the liver, spleen, and lungs. This is a report of an outbreak of acute MD in commercial chickens. In the present study, carcasses of 16 weeks old Isa brown pullets were presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, the University of Jos for investigation. They had been vaccinated at the hatchery against Marek's disease at day old. The disease was diagnosed as Marek's disease based on mortality pattern, necropsy findings, histological observations, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Secondary bacterial infection was caused by Staphylococcus aureus, susceptible to gentamicin. The affected flock was revaccinated using Izovac® HVT Marek's vaccine. As a follow-up, a gentamicin-doxycycline-based oral preparation: Doxygen®, was administered for five consecutive days at 100g/200 litres of drinking water. A significant reduction in mortality was obser...
In Nigeria, farming of freshwater fish, mainly that of Clarias gariepinus has gained prominence as means of improved protein supply and livelihood. Many farmers suffer untold losses in their bid to make a living from commercial fish production. Among the major causes of infectious disease outbreaks in fish farms are pathogenic bacteria of the genus Aeromonas. This is a case report of outbreak of Aeromonas caviae infection complicated by nitrite toxicity in Clarias gariepinus. Carcasses of 17 African catfish juveniles and two water samples were presented to the poultry and fish clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Jos for investigation. The fishes had been on medication (Fish cure antibiotic +®) for over 5 days with cumulative mortality of 230 out of 2,500 fishes (9.2 %). Necropsy was conducted and samples were taken for microbial analysis and histopathology while water samples were subjected to chemical analysis. Gross lesions were broken barbels, cutaneous depigmentation, branchial pallor, ascites, renal and splenic congestion. Histologically, there was dissociation of hepatic cords, necrosis of hepatocytes with vacuolation and mononuclear cellular infiltrations. Also, there was renal tubular epithelial necrosis with mononuclear and heterophilic infiltration while micro abscesses were observed in the brain. Marked Zenker’s necrosis and edema were seen in the skeletal muscles. Organism isolated from livers and kidneys was identified as Aeromonas caviae and was susceptible to enrofloxacin, furaltadone and florfenicol. Nitrite in fish pond water was 1mg/L. Bath medication with enrofloxacin at 33mg/litre of water for 6 hours treatment per day was done to reduce the mortality. The farmer was advised to change the source of water for the fish pond immediately. It is recommended that to avoid losses in fish farming, farmers should check the quality of water intended for use on fish farms and ensure early health check on fingerlings purchased for rearing.
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