During 1966, 1.8 × 1014 liters of water; 8.3 × 107, 2.1 × 109, and 2.7 × 1010 moles of phosphate, nitrate, and reactive silicate; 1.9 × 1011 equivalents of alkalinity; and 1.9 × 1011 moles of total carbon dioxide passed through Clatskanie, 87 km above the mouth of the Columbia River into the Astoria estuary and the Pacific Ocean. Along the main stream, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate concentrations show a definite seasonal change; their maxima occur in winter and minima in summer. On‐stream primary production greatly affects the formation of the summer minima. At Clatskanie, the nitrate: phosphate ratio is 3:1 during summer months and over 19:1 at other seasons. Bicarbonate ion is the major dissolved carbon dioxide species in the entire Columbia River system, where water pH measured at 20C ranges from 6.63 to 8.68. The major portion of the river system is undersaturated with respect to calcite solubility. Along the main stream, the river is supersaturated with respect to the atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure of 320 ppm.
Columbia River alkalinity essentially consists of carbonate alkalinity (94% ) with some silicate alkalinity where dissolved silicate concentration is high. Phosphate and borate contribute insignificantly to the overall alkalinity. The river delivered 2.3 x 10" equivalents of alkalinity to the Pacific Ocean during the water year 1963, or 11 megatons of calcium carbonate.Regardless of high seasonal flow-rate variance, the river alkalinity near the river mouth shows little variation with an average value of 1 mcq/liter.
This paper describes the statutory basis for the establishment of effluent limitations guidelines and standards of performance for this industry including remarks on water quality standards. The Environmental Protection Agency’s research, development, and demonstration program is presented. The specific objectives, solution required, activities, and best available treatment, zero discharge concept, and total elimination of discharges (elimination of multi‐media pollution discharges) are discussed. The synopsis of two Environmental Protection Agency‐industry sponsored demonstration grants is presented. The seven most frequently asked questions and their answers regarding the water pollution control act also are introduced. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 directed that the U.S. embark upon major new efforts for controlling pollution at its source. The new Act provides for uniform effluent limitations for industrial categories and achievement dates. Congress set two interim dates of July 1, 1977, and July 1, 1983, by which different levels of treatment are to be reached. It is a timetable based upon advances in technology. For all dischargers, other then publicly owned treatment works, not later than July 1, 1977, effluent limitations are to be achieved which represent the application of the “best practicable control technology currently available.” At the same time, all publicly owned waste treatment facilities must utilize “secondary treatment,” and, if an industrial discharger sends its wastes through a publicly owned treatment works, certain “pretreatment standards” must be met. An additional requirement is that by the July 1977 date, effluent limitations may be imposed so that any state law will be met. Not later than July 1, 1983, effluent requirements must be met which represent the “best available technology economically achievable” and for publicly owned waste treatment facilities which represent the application of the “best practicable waste treatment technology.” Any other applicable pretreatment standards also must be attained by that date. Special standards for toxic substances also must be observed from that date of promulgation of regulations covering such substances.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.