We evaluated 129 patients with low grade, low stage transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with a minimum followup of 5 years. In addition to the phenomena recognized as indicators of a serious clinical problem (grade greater than I, rapid recurrence, multiple tumors and lamina propria invasion) the identification of carcinoma in situ and/or atypia in normal, incidentally resected mucosa adjacent to the tumor was found to be a positive predictor for subsequent muscle invasion. Ten of 12 patients with carcinoma in situ and 9 of 25 patients with atypia were among 39 who experienced invasion.

Body size and food properties account for much of the variation in the hard tissue morphology of the masticatory system whereas their influence on the soft tissue anatomy remains relatively understudied. Data on jaw adductor fiber architecture and experimentally determined ingested food size in a broad sample of 24 species of extant strepsirrhines allows us to evaluate several hypotheses about the influence of body size and diet on the masticatory muscles. Jaw adductor mass scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.99, r = 0.95), skull size (β = 1.04, r = 0.97), and jaw length cubed (β = 1.02, r = 0.95). Fiber length also scales isometrically with body mass (β = 0.28, r = 0.85), skull size (β = 0.33, r = 0.84), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.29, r = 0.88). Physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) scales with isometry or slight positive allometry with body mass (β = 0.76, r = 0.92), skull size (β = 0.78, r = 0.94), and jaw length cubed (β = 0.78, r = 0.91). Whereas PCSA is isometric to body size estimates in frugivores, it is positively allometric in folivores. Independent of body size, fiber length is correlated with maximum ingested food size, suggesting that ingestive gape is related to fiber excursion. Comparisons of temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid PCSA in strepsirrhines of different diets suggest that there may be functional partitioning between these muscle groups. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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An analysis of 58 patients who presented with their first superficial bladder tumour(s) stage Ta or T1 and who were followed prospectively is presented. Tumour characteristics which correlated well with the likelihood of new tumour occurrence were invasion of lamina propria, multiplicity, size equal to or greater than 3 cm and abnormal selected mucosal biopsies. Positive urinary cytology and higher grade tumours correlated, though less strongly. Development of higher grade or stage in subsequent tumours (i.e. progression) was associated with initial tumour multiplicity. While initial tumours were rarely found on the dome (5.2%), new tumour occurrences involved the dome in 29% of patients.

Twenty‐six men in whom the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma had been established recently and ten men with prostatic carcinoma in relapse after orchiectomy were administered testosterone propionate. Of the measures of tumor activity that were made the only objective alteration was in the serum acid phosphatase; however, in both groups of patients the response to testosterone was extremely variable. None of the ten men in relapse experienced complete objective remission although one man, who was preterminal, developed a remarkable subjective and partial objective remission that lasted nearly a year. Another patient received testosterone for 128 days and experienced only enlargement of the primary tumor. The authors conclude that the response to exogenous testosterone is variable and unpredictable and in certain patients in relapse may be of appreciable palliative value.

One hundred and fifty-one patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who were evaluated by conventional means preoperatively underwent a radical cystectomy. They were then classified according to the highest known pathological stage, first site of postoperative metastasis and the temporal relationship of the cystectomy to the appearance of the metastasis. Fifty patients developed metastases, 80% of which were proven histologically. Thirty-nine of fifty patients (78%) who developed metastases did so within a year of cys-tectomy. Extent of local tumor was directly related to the incidence of positive pelvic nodes. Metastases occurred most commonly in lung and bone. Soft tissues of the pelvis were involved in thirteen (16%) of the patients who developed metastatic carcinoma and those patients with positive pelvic nodes were more likely to have these kinds of recurrent disease. These evaluations suggest that the metastases must be present at cystectomy or as a result of it. The data imply the existence of appreciable heterogeneity among patients andor their invasive bladder carcinoma. Disseminated but silent metastases suggest that a relationship between the primary tumor and the Occurrence of metastatic disease may exist. Knowledge of this relationship is very important in planning subsequent therapeutic strategies.