OBJECTIVE To determine whether anesthesia type (sedation or general anesthesia) affects kid survival to discharge in caprine cesarean sections (C-sections). ANIMALS Retrospective cohort of 99 caprine C-sections (2011–2021). PROCEDURES All surgeries were performed via left flank laparotomy in right lateral recumbency. The number of kids alive at presentation, surgery, and discharge was recorded. Kids that were dead on presentation or euthanized intraoperatively were excluded. Goats were classified as “healthy” (American Society of Anesthesiologists status ≤ 2) or “sick” (≥ 3). RESULTS Kid survival was significantly higher for C-sections performed under sedation (47/52 [90%]) than for C-sections performed under general anesthesia (16/24 [66%]; P = .004). Relative risk was 1.4 and odds ratio was 4.7. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Performing C-sections in sedated goats may improve kid survival rates over those under general anesthesia.
Summary A 27‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare presented for computed tomography (CT) of the head following a 3‐month history of facial swelling at the infraorbital foramen, unilateral self‐mutilation and head‐shaking. Standing CT imaging showed soft tissue attenuation surrounding the infraorbital canal, with extensive bony lysis of the canal and maxillary bone at the infraorbital foramen. The mare was subjected to euthanasia, and post‐mortem examination revealed a proliferative tan soft tissue mass overlying the infraorbital nerve. A histopathological diagnosis of pleomorphic sarcoma with giant cells was made. Immunohistochemical analysis failed to fully elucidate the mesenchymal cell of origin of the sarcoma. Pleomorphic sarcoma with giant cells involving the infraorbital canal of the horse has not been previously described. This case highlights chronic subtle behavioural changes attributable to this neoplasm prior to the development of clinical signs and the utility of advanced imaging in the diagnosis.
ObjectiveTo report the technique, surgical approach, and postoperative features in horses treated via a 3‐dimensional (3D) printed guide‐assisted keratoma resection created using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based segmentation.AnimalsFive client‐owned horses.Study designShort case series.MethodsHorses were placed under general anesthesia for imaging (CT and MRI) and underwent a second anesthesia for surgery. Two horses had guides created from CT‐based imaging, 3 horses had guides created from MRI. Various sized nonarbored hole saws were used to create accurate and precise portals for keratoma removal. Surgical sites were managed until keratinized granulation tissue had formed and the defect was sealed with an artificial hoof wall patch.ResultsAll keratomas were successfully removed as a single piece either intact with the hoof wall or easily extracted after the hoof wall portal was created in a surgical time between 20 and 90 min. All CT created guides fitted without issue; MRI‐created guides required minor adjustments with a rotary device for proper fit. All cases had minor debridement adjacent to P3 and circumferential lamellar tissue. All horses returned to previous level of performance 2 to 4 months postoperatively.ConclusionUse of 3D printed guides led to accurate targeting of keratomas with small surgical portals and short surgical times. Due to challenges with MRI‐based segmentation, CT is preferred.
Objective To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of lumbosacral intrathecal administration of 2% lidocaine in goats undergoing cesarean sections (C-sections). Animals 7 client-owned goats. Procedures Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify records of goats undergoing C-sections between January 2020 and November 2021 with intrathecal administration of lidocaine as the primary method of analgesia. Effect of analgesia, American Society of Anesthesiologists status, quality of surgery (determined based on lack of patient movement), mean surgical time, time to stand, and anesthetic complications were recorded. Results Intrathecal administration of preservative-free 2% lidocaine (1 mg/kg) at the lumbosacral space with the use of a 20-gauge 3.5-inch (0.9 X 90-mm) spinal needle under aseptic technique achieved effective analgesia in sedated goats by time of skin incision. Adequacy of analgesia was complete (failure to respond to needle-prick of skin or skin incision) in 6 of the 7 goats and moderate in 1 goat. Quality of surgery was adequate in all goats. Mean surgical time was 96 ± 20 minutes, and mean time to stand was 182 ± 61 minutes from the time of intrathecal administration. Complications included ruminal tympany, hypothermia, and partial blockade in 1 goat each. Clinical relevance Results indicated that intrathecal administration of lidocaine as described in the present report provided adequate analgesia for C-sections in goats, with minimal complications, and quicker return to hindlimb motor function postoperatively than historically reported for epidurals.
Background: Interspinous ligament desmotomy (ISLD) has been shown to improve the comfort of horses diagnosed with overriding dorsal spinous processes (DSP), but its effects on spine mobility are unknown.Objective: To objectively quantify the change in mobility of thoracic vertebrae following ISLD using CT and medical modeling software.Study design: Prospective cadaveric manipulation of seven equine thoracolumbar spines collected from T11-L1.Methods: Spines were collected from T11-L1 with the musculature intact. Flexion and extension phases were achieved with a ratchet device calibrated to 2000N. Bone volume CT scans were performed in resting, flexion, and extension phase preoperatively. Interspinous ligament desmotomy was performed at each intervertebral space (n = 8), and bone volume CT imaging was repeated for each phase. The spinal sections were individually segmented and imported into medical software for kinematic evaluation. T11 of each phase were superimposed, the distance between each dorsal spinous process, the total length of the spine, and the maximal excursion of the first lumbar vertebra along with angular rotational information were recorded.Results: The mean distance between each dorsal spinous process increased by 5.6 ± 4.9 mm, representing a 24 ± 21% increase in mobility following ISLD. L1 dorsoventral excursion increased by 15.3 ± 11.9 mm, craniocaudal motion increased by 6.9 ± 6.5 mm representing a 47 ± 36.5% and 14.5 ± 13.7% increase, respectively. The rotation of L1 about the mediolateral axis increased by 6.5° post-ISLD.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: ISLD increases dorsoventral, craniocaudal, and rotational motion of the equine spine. The computer modeling methodology used here could be used to evaluate multiplanar spinal kinematics between treatments.
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