The fundamental changes in power supply and increasing decentralization require more active grid operation and an increased integration of ICT at all power system actors. This trend raises complexity and increasingly leads to interactions between primary grid operation and ICT as well as different power system actors. For example, virtual power plants control various assets in the distribution grid via ICT to jointly market existing flexibilities. Failures of ICT or targeted attacks can thus have serious effects on security of supply and system stability. This paper presents a holistic approach to providing methods specifically for actors in the power system for prevention, detection, and reaction to ICT attacks and failures. The focus of our measures are solutions for ICT monitoring, systems for the detection of ICT attacks and intrusions in the process network, and the provision of actionable guidelines as well as a practice environment for the response to potential ICT security incidents.
Abinitio calculations using STO-3G, 6-31G, 6-31G**, and 6-311G** basis sets and standard geometries, and 6-31G and 6-311G** basis sets with 6-31G optimized geometries have been performed on a series of acetylene derivatives (H—C≡C—R; –R is —CH3, —Li, —C≡N, [Formula: see text] —NH2,—C≡CH, —CH—CH2, and —F). Substituent effects on stability have been studied using isodesmic methyl exchange reactions (H—C≡C—R + CH4 → H—C≡C—H + CH3R). STO-3G and 6-31G calculations have been carried out for methyl exchange reactions involving several large substituents including phenyl, and for the tert-butyl exchange reactions of 10 substituents (H—C≡C—R + Me3CH → H—C≡C—H + Me3CR).Geometry optimization has an appreciable effect only on the π donor substituents OCH3 and NH2. None of the smaller basis sets reproduces the orderof stabilities or the absolute values of the 6-311G**//6-31G calculations. The latter are in satisfactory agreement with the very few experimentally based enthalpies of methyl exchange.
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