Introduction Colorectal and pancreatic cancers together comprise the third and fourth most common causes of cancer-related death in the United States. In both of these cancers, complete detection of primary and metastatic lesions at the time of surgery is critical to optimal surgical resection and appropriate patient treatment. Materials and Methods We have investigated the use of fluorophore-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody to aid in cancer visualization in nude mouse models of human colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Anti-CEA was conjugated with a green fluorophore. Subcutaneous, orthotopic primary and metastatic human pancreatic and colorectal tumors were easily visualized with fluorescence imaging after administration of conjugated anti-CEA. The fluorescence signal was detectable 30 min after systemic antibody delivery and remained present for 2 weeks, with minimal in vivo photobleaching after exposure to standard operating room lighting. Tumor resection techniques revealed improved ability to resect labeled tumor tissue under fluorescence guidance. Comparison of two different fluorophores revealed differences in dose–response and photobleaching in vivo. Conclusion These results indicate that fluorophore-labeled anti-CEA offers a novel intraoperative imaging technique for enhanced visualization of tumors in colorectal and pancreatic cancer when CEA expression is present, and that the choice of fluorophore significantly affects the signal intensity in the labeled tumor.

Background and Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate a new fluorescently labeled chimeric anti-CEA antibody for improved detection and resection of colon cancer. Methods Frozen tumor and normal human tissue samples were stained with chimeric and mouse antibody-fluorophore conjugates for comparison. Mice with patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) of colon cancer underwent fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) or bright-light surgery (BLS) 24 hours after tail vein injection of chimeric anti-CEA antibody. Resection completeness was assessed using postoperative images. Mice were followed for 6 months for recurrence. Results The fluorophore conjugation efficiency (dye:mole ratio) improved from 3–4 to >5.5 with the chimeric CEA antibody compared to mouse anti-CEA antibody. CEA-expressing tumors labeled with chimeric CEA antibody provided a brighter fluorescence signal on frozen human tumor tissues (p=0.046) and demonstrated consistently lower fluorescence signals in normal human tissues compared to mouse antibody. Chimeric CEA antibody accurately labeled PDOX colon cancer in nude mice, enabling improved detection of tumor margins for more effective FGS. The R0 resection rate increased from 86% to 96% with FGS compared to BLS. Conclusion Improved conjugating efficiency and labeling with chimeric fluorophore-conjugated antibody resulted in better detection and resection of human colon cancer in an orthotopic mouse model.

Background-Despite recent surgical advances, pancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. This is due to inaccurate staging and difficulty in achieving negative margins at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy. CA19-9 is a carbohydrate tumor-associated antigen found in up to 94% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In this study we investigate the use of a fluorophore-labeled anti-CA19-9 monoclonal antibody to improve intraoperative visualization of both primary and metastatic tumors in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Exposing the Inner Light The technology to use fluorescent markers to track the presence, growth, and metastasis of in situ tumors in mice has been around for a number of years. However, these methodologies have historically suffered from limitations in the ability to observe and quantify the fluorescent signal without anesthetizing the animal and surgically exposing the tumor. Providing a simple, and predictably illuminating, solution to this problem, Yang et al. (p. 170) demonstrate that low-cost instrumentation and standard GFP and RFP biomarkers can be used to visualize tumors completely noninvasively. Utilizing a blue LED flashlight with a 470-nm excitation filter, tumors inand onseveral organs (including liver, pancreas, colon, bone, and brain) could be clearly imaged. The clearest demonstration of the power of this technique are the data showing that, when the image of a surgically exposed colon tumor was analyzed and compared to the same tumor from a whole-body (unopened) image, the intensity of the GFP signal from the unopened mouse was 70% that of the opened. Furthermore, despite the expected distortion caused by light scattering, the image sizes were comparable. Clearly this technology will be fundamentally useful in many areas of cancer biology research making use of animal tumor models.

Background We have developed a method of distinguishing normal tissue from pancreatic cancer in vivo using fluorophore-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) with a fluorophore-conjugated antibody to CEA, to highlight the tumor, can improve surgical resection and increase disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in orthotopic mouse models of human pancreatic cancer. Methods We established nude-mouse models of human pancreatic cancer with surgical orthotopic implantation of the human BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer. Orthotopic tumors were allowed to develop for 2 weeks. Mice then underwent bright-light surgery (BLS) or FGS 24 h after intravenous injection of anti-CEA-Alexa Fluor 488. Completeness of resection was assessed from postoperative imaging. Mice were followed postoperatively until premorbid to determine DFS and OS. Results Complete resection was achieved in 92 % of mice in the FGS group compared to 45.5 % in the BLS group (p = 0.001). FGS resulted in a smaller postoperative tumor burden (p = 0.01). Cure rates with FGS compared to BLS improved from 4.5 to 40 %, respectively (p = 0.01), and 1-year postoperative survival rates increased from 0 % with BLS to 28 % with FGS (p = 0.01). Median DFS increased from 5 weeks with BLS to 11 weeks with FGS (p = 0.0003). Median OS increased from 13.5 weeks with BLS to 22 weeks with FGS (p = 0.001). Conclusions FGS resulted in greater cure rates and longer DFS and OS using a fluorophore-conjugated anti-CEA antibody. FGS has potential to improve the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Background/Aims Laparoscopy is important in staging pancreatic cancer, but false negatives remain problematic. Making tumors fluorescent has the potential to improve the accuracy of staging laparoscopy. Methodology Orthotopic and carcinomatosis models of pancreatic cancer were established with BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells in nude mice. Alexa488-anti-CEA conjugates were injected via tail vein 24 hours prior to laparoscopy. Mice were examined under bright field laparoscopic (BL) and fluorescence laparoscopic (FL) modes. Outcomes measured included time to identification of primary tumor for the orthotopic model and number of metastases identified within 2 minutes for the carcinomatosis model. Results FL enabled more rapid and accurate identification and localization of primary tumors and metastases than BL. Using BL took statistically significantly longer time than FL. More metastatic lesions were detected and localized under FL compared to BL and with greater accuracy, with sensitivities of 96% vs. 40%, respectively, when compared to control. FL was sensitive enough to detect metastatic lesions <1mm. Conclusions The use of fluorescence laparoscopy with tumors labeled with fluorophore-conjugated anti-CEA antibody permits rapid detection and accurate localization of primary and metastatic pancreatic cancer in an orthotopic model. The results of the present report demonstrate the future clinical potential of fluorescence laparoscopy.

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Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) of cancer utilizes tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a photosensitizer phthalocyanine dye IR700 which becomes cytotoxic upon irradiation with near infrared light. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PIT on human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic nude mouse model. The binding capacity of anti-CEA antibody to BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells was determined by FACS analysis. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay was used to determine cell death following treatment with PIT. For in vivo determination of PIT efficacy, nude mice were orthotopically implanted with BxPC-3 pancreatic tumors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). After tumor engraftment, the mice were divided into two groups: (1) treatment with anti-CEA-IR700 + 690 nm laser and (2) treatment with 690 nm laser only. Anti-CEA-IR700 (100 μg) was administered to group (1) via tail vein injection 24 hours prior to therapy. Tumors were then surgically exposed and treated with phototherapy at an intensity of 150 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes. Whole body imaging was done subsequently for 5 weeks using an OV-100 small animal imaging system. Anti-CEA-IR700 antibody bound to the BxPC3 cells to a high degree as shown by FACS analysis. Anti-CEA-IR700 caused extensive cancer cell killing after light activation compared to control cells in cytotoxicity assays. In the orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer, the anti-CEA-IR700 group had significantly smaller tumors than the control after 5 weeks (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the body weights of mice in the anti-CEA-IR700 and control groups indicating that PIT was well tolerated by the mice.