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The direction of a sound source can be determined binaurally by using the time difference and the loudness difference of the sound waves arriving at the two ears. Similarly, the direction of an olfactory source can be determined by using the time difference and the difference in sensation magnitude of the olfactory stimuli between the two nostrils as the air surrounding the odorous object is inhaled. Time differences of the order of 0.1 msec can be recognized—a value similar to that found in hearing. Thus the direction of an odor can be determined with a precision of 7–10° in spite of the small distance between the nostrils compared to the distance between the ears. In this respect, there is very little difference between observations made with such odorants as benzol, eucalyptus, cloves, and lavender. The existence of an analogy between hearing and smelling may help to delineate some electrophysiological correlates of the directional sensation, which is so well developed in both senses. localization of olfactory stimuli; interaction between the two nostrils during smelling; time pattern and olfactory localization; olfactory sensation magnitude and duration of stimulus; combination of smell and taste into a single sensation Submitted on November 1, 1963

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For many years there has been a large literature concerned with problems in hearing.Anatomy, psychology, physiology, otology, and recently audiometry and communication engineering: all these fields have contributed to the investigation of hearing. It is not so with the psychology and physiology of the skin. Most textbooks haye but few pages devoted to the skin.One of the reasons for this may be that the too precise description of the skin sensations by the Greek and Roman authors seemed improper to the Mohammedan scribes, who with endless zeal copied the earlier manuscripts. The scribes therefore simply left out the parts dealing with the skin. When in medieval times monks took over the job of copying manuscripts in the cloisters, it is even more understandable that the skin was not even mentioned as a sense organ. To

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