In 2011, the concept of Industry 4.0 was introduced and later adopted by the German government, paving the way for a new industrial revolution in Germany. The high significance of this topic is reflected by the large number of corresponding publications. Additionally, the regional focus of research is widespread on a global level and often differs even at a national level. This paper generates transparency regarding the adoption of the concept of Industry 4.0 by analyzing the locations of main contributors within the research field on an international, European, and German-national level. Further, it examines the regionally different foci concerning the concept of Industry 4.0. Having identified four main aspects linked to Industry 4.0 within a pre-study, a quantitative literature research was conducted based on over 800 published papers. The results were further visualized with QGIS. Looking at the results, it can be concluded that the German research community is virtually the only user of the term Industry 4.0, while other institutions seem to link their research to other related concepts. On a German level, the majority of the analyzed studies originate from Southern and Western Germany. North Rhine-Westphalia and the Aachen/Jülich region, in particular, represent main contributors.
We investigated the Fe-Fe 2 Ti eutectic microstructure obtained by Directed Energy Deposition (DED) with a hypereutectic composition of Fe-17.6 at.% Ti. Ultrafine lamellar spacings as low as 200 nm were achieved, features which otherwise can only be obtained in thin specimens, e.g. by suction casting. However, at interlayer boundaries (ILBs) a globular morphology of the primary Fe 2 Ti phase is observed with halos of the Fe phase. For the given DED conditions the crystalline structure is thus discontinuous across the ILBs. Both 2D and 3D analysis methods were used to quantify the microstructure, including high resolution synchrotron holographic X-ray computed tomography (HXCT). The generic behaviour of eutectic systems under conditions that qualitatively correspond to those of laser additive manufacturing was explored by phase-field modelling for selected nucleation scenarios and alloy compositions spanning from eutectic to hyper-eutectic. While providing valuable insights into microstructure formation, the simulations point out the need to further deepen our understanding about melting under additive manufacturing conditions in order to implement suitable nucleation and / or free growth models. The simulations also show that globular ILBs can be prevented when using exactly eutectic alloy compositions.
Most of the aluminum‐based components produced today by additive manufacturing (AM) are based on the Al–Si eutectic system due to its outstanding processability. The mechanical properties of these alloys, however, are well below comparable wrought alloys. Even though successful modifications of the cast and wrought alloys have been performed in the literature, the widespread application is still missing for various reasons. Herein, new alloys of the Al–Ni eutectic system with the composition Al–7.5wt%Ni are manufactured by laser metal deposition (LMD), and the microstructure and properties are described. The microstructure shows a different appearance over the track height: A coarse microstructure can be found at the interlayer boundary. The adjacent fibrous eutectic is followed by a microstructure of twinned dendrites, which only appear at certain process parameters. The appearance of the twinned dendrites is explained via simulations of the local cooling rate of the LMD process. The mechanical properties of samples manufactured by LMD are examined via tensile testing.
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