Summary.By means of extensive cutting‐up test's on tomato plants inoculated with tobacco mosaic the following points have been determined:1. Confirming the work of Holmes, there is no movement of virus from the inoculated leaf for the first 3 or 4 days. This period is slightly less or considerably more according to the greater or less activity of growth of the plant.2. When the virus passes out from the inoculated leaf it travels first to the roots of the plant with such speed that it can seldom be intercepted at intervening positions.3. Usually about a day later it travels with equal rapidity to the top of the plant.4. In the earliest stages of entering the stem virus particles may be separated by considerable distances (at least several centimetres), since successive samples taken from the stem may yield lengths of 21/2 cm. (the length of the cuttings) free from infection. interspersed irregularly between portions containing the infection.5. The presence of developing fruit trusses on the stem may cause part of the virus to travel upwards as far as these trusses at the same time that the initial downward movement is occurring.6. The virus enters developing fruits at the same time as it travels through the stem, whereas adjacent leaves remain uninfected for days or weeks.7. In pot plants, after the initial rapid infection of the developing leaves at the top of the plant. the more mature leaves become successively invaded from the top downwards and from the bottom upwards until the plant is completely invaded by the virus. Complete invasion occurs very quickly in small vigorously growing plants; it may take 3 weeks or more in medium sized plants (Text‐fig. 2); and as much as 2 months in large fruiting plants (Text‐fig. 3).8. Complete invasion never occurs when large field plants of tobacco or tomato bearing a number of mature leaves are inoculated. The mature leaves remain free from virus, apart from a limited movement along the mid‐ribs, for periods of more than 3 months following inoculation (Text‐fig. 4).

The work of Holmes (1929) has shown that in the case of tobacco mosaic a light rubbing of the virus over the leaf is a much more effective method of inoculation than scratching with a needle. He was able to demonstrate this by working with plants (Nicotiana rustica, N . glutilzosa, etc.) on the leaves of which necrotic local lesions were formed at the points of entry of the virus, the numbers of these lesions affording a visual demonstration of the degree of effectiveness1 of the various methods of inoculation. IIe also pointed out that these local lesions constituted a symptom of primary infection of a very definite character, which was entirely or almost obscured by the needle-scratching method of inoculation.It is obvious that it is of considerable importance for future work on plant virus diseases to know how generally applicable these results of Holmes may be. Is the light rubbing method of inoculation, in which no visible wound is made on the inoculated leaf, the best for other virus divbases than tobacco mosaic, and does it apply for plants with smooth leaves as well as hairy? Also are local lesions formed a t the points of entry in the case of other virus diseases, and if so are these local lesions of characteristic form, and are they likely to be of aid in virus differentiation, or particularly in developing quantitative methods such as Holmes is developing for tobacco mosaic?A critical review of the literature affords indications that Holmes's methods might very well be applicable to many virus diseases. Even with viruses known to be highly infectious, by far the largest number of experiments recorded in the literature have not given 100 per cent.It might be claimed, of courm, that if 8 needle acratch mcoessfully introduces Virus in one single pllrce it ia just 88 "effective" in the end ea 8 method which introduces virus in 100 pleoea. Holmea's point, however, wm that the needle scratch is not the type of wound which is favourable for the entry of the virus.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and other "mindfulness"-based techniques have rapidly gained a significant presence within contemporary society. Clearly these techniques, which derive or are claimed to derive from Buddhist meditational practices, meet genuine human needs. However, questions are increasingly raised regarding what these techniques meant in their original context(s), how they have been transformed in relation to their new Western and global field of activity, what might have been lost (or gained) on the way, and how the entire contemporary mindfulness phenomenon might be understood. The article points out that first-generation mindfulness practices, such as MBSR and MBCT, derive from modernist versions of Buddhism, and omit or minimize key aspects of the Buddhist tradition, including the central Buddhist philosophical emphasis on the deconstruction of the self. Nonself (or no self) fits poorly into the contemporary therapeutic context, but is at the core of the Buddhist enterprise from which contemporary "mindfulness" has been abstracted. Instead of focussing narrowly on the practical efficacy of the first generation of mindfulness techniques, we might see them as an invitation to explore the much wider range of practices available in the traditions from which they originate. Rather, too, than simplifying and reducing these practices to fit current Western conceptions of knowledge, we might seek to incorporate more of their philosophical basis into our Western adaptations. This might lead to a genuine and productive expansion of both scientific knowledge and therapeutic possibilities.

A method is described for estimating the relative numbers of Plasmodiophora brassicae spores germinating in different soils, by counting infected root hairs. Cabbage seedlings are grown for 1 week at 25d̀C. in glass tumblers of the infected soils; after washing out, the tap roots are stained in 1% aceto‐carmine and a count is made of the number of root hairs containing zoosporangia of P. brassicae, along 2 cm. of root. It is shown that by this method it is possible to study, for example, the action of different bases in inhibiting root‐hair infection; the main inhibiting factor was found to be soil alkalinity, however produced. Other factors were found to influence infection in lesser degree; thus the number of infected root hairs was reduced in soils receiving N/10 sodium and potassium chlorides in place of distilled water. Root‐hair infection was also inhibited by low soil‐moisture content.