Broadband normal-mode model analyses of propagation in a shallow-water range-independent environment and in a wedge environment are presented. The model is first used to calculate received time series from a point source for a range invariant shallow-water acoustic environment with a constant water sound-speed medium and a penetrable bottom. Range invariant mode model time series are compared to actual experimental data [C. Tindle et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 288–293 (1987)] and to time series that were calculated using a ray model that includes beam displacement [E. Westwood and C. Tindle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 1752–1761 (1987)]. The time series from both the mode and ray models agree with each other and with the measured data. In addition, time series from an adiabatic mode model for a shallow-water wedge environment are compared to the experimental results obtained by C. Tindle et al. [Work supported by IR&D Fund at Applied Research Laboratories, The University of Texas at Austin.]
Sound propagation in a wedge-shaped environment with a penetrable bottom is simulated with broadband adiabatic mode, coupled mode, and parabolic equation model computations. Simulated results are compared to measured data taken in a tank experiment by Tindle et al. The coupled mode formalism is shown to predict, in agreement with that experiment, that modal wave fronts in penetrable wedges are approximately circular arcs centered at the apex of the wedge for a source near the apex. It is also shown that for wedge angles up to 6 degrees, the received waveforms are well approximated by the adiabatic waveforms time-shifted by a depth-dependent interval to account for the curvature of the modal wave fronts. A small deviation from circularity in the modal wave fronts is possibly observed in the 6 degrees case.
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