Prosthesis-based techniques are the predominant form of breast reconstruction worldwide, with two-stage tissue expander procedures being the most popular. In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in performing single-stage implant reconstruction immediately following mastectomy as an attempt to simplify the reconstructive course and improve psychosocial morbidity. However, there is a paucity of large-scale, multi-institutional data comparing the outcomes of these two reconstructive strategies. Patients who underwent immediate tissue expander or implant reconstruction following mastectomy from 2006-2010 were identified using standardised operation codes. Demographic information for patients, 30-day outcomes, and adverse events for each type of reconstruction were analysed and compared between groups. A total of 10,561 patients underwent immediate breast reconstruction. There were 9033 patients who underwent tissue expander placement (2752 bilateral), and 1528 patients who underwent immediate implant placement (485 bilateral). Patients who had implant placement demonstrated increased rates of overall complications (6.8% compared with 5.4%, p = 0.02) and prosthesis failure (1.4% compared with 0.8%, p = 0.04). There was no difference in the rate of any surgical site infections (3.9% compared with 3.4%, p = 0.39), reoperation (7.5% compared with 6.9%, p = 0.40), or major medical complications (1.8% compared with 1.6%, p = 0.57). Both immediate one-stage, direct-to-implant, and two-stage tissue expander reconstructions result in low rates of morbidity. One-stage reconstruction suggests a slightly higher complication rate related to prosthesis failure.

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Elective breast surgery is a safe procedure with an extremely low incidence of life-threatening complications and mortality. Comprehensive data collated from the NSQIP initiative add to the literature, and the findings of this multi-institutional study may help further guide patient education and expectations on potentially deleterious outcomes.

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Background Advances in molecular diagnostics accomplished the discovery of two malignant glioma entities harboring alterations in the H3 histone: diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered and diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant. Radiogenomics research, which aims to correlate tumor imaging features with genotypes, has not comprehensively examined histone-altered gliomas (HAG). The aim of this research was to synthesize the current published data on imaging features associated with HAG. Methods A systematic search was performed in March 2022 using PubMed and the Cochrane Library, identifying studies on the imaging features associated with H3 K27-altered and/or H3 G34-mutant gliomas. Results Forty-seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, the majority on H3 K27-altered gliomas. Just under half (21/47) were case reports or short series, the remainder being diagnostic accuracy studies. Despite heterogeneous methodology, some themes emerged. In particular, enhancement of H3 K27M-altered gliomas is variable and can be less than expected given their highly malignant behavior. Low apparent diffusion coefficient values have been suggested as a biomarker of H3 K27-alteration, but high values do not exclude this genotype. Promising correlations between high relative cerebral blood volume values and H3 K27-alteration require further validation. Limited data on H3 G34-mutant gliomas suggest some morphologic overlap with 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas. Conclusions The existing data are limited, especially for H3 G34-mutant gliomas and artificial intelligence techniques. Current evidence indicates that imaging-based predictions of HAG are insufficient to replace histological assessment. In particular, H3 K27-altered gliomas should be considered when occurring in typical midline locations irrespective of enhancement characteristics.

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