Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence experiments are used to study the dynamics of singlet fission in highly disordered films of rubrene. The fluorescence spectral lineshapes are not temperature-dependent, indicating that intermolecular excitonic effects are absent in these films. The temperature-dependent fluorescence decays in the amorphous films are nonexponential, containing both prompt and delayed components. The kinetics are qualitatively consistent with the presence of singlet fission, but to confirm its presence, we examine the effects of magnetic fields on the fluorescence decay. A quantum-kinetic model is developed to describe how magnetic fields perturb the number of triplet pair product states with singlet character and how this in turn affects the singlet state kinetics. Simulations show that the magnetic field effect is very sensitive to mutual chromophore alignment, and the direction of the effect is consistent with a local ordering for rubrene molecules that participate in fission. From our analysis, the dominant fission rate is 0.5 ns–1, about 10 times slower than that observed in polycrystalline tetracene films, but we still estimate that ∼90% of the initially excited singlets undergo fission. Kinetic modeling of our fluorescence decay data and magnetic field dependence reveals that at the low laser intensities used in this experiment geminate triplet pairs do not interact with each other, and that spin–lattice relaxation between triplet sublevels is not complete on the 100 ns time scale. When both exciton fission and fusion are occurring, dynamic measurements in the presence of a magnetic field can elucidate molecular-level details of both processes.

The dependence of exciton dynamics on the crystalline morphology of tetracene is investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence. Single crystals exhibit relatively slow singlet decays with times that range from 130 to 300 ps depending on the sample. This decay has an activation energy of ∼450 cm(-1) over the temperature range of 200-400 K. Single-crystal samples also exhibit more pronounced quantum beats due to the triplet pair spin coherences. Polycrystalline thin films grown by thermal evaporation have singlet decay times on the order of 70-90 ps with a much weaker temperature dependence. Many thin-film samples also exhibit a red-shifted excimer-like emission. When a polycrystalline thin film is thermally annealed to produce larger crystal domains, single-crystal behavior is recovered. We hypothesize that the different dynamics arise from the ability of singlet excitons in the thin films to sample regions with defects or packing motifs that accelerate singlet fission.

The dynamics of singlet fission (SF) are studied in monoclinic and orthorhombic crystals of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements and the presence of a strong magnetic field effect indicate that up to 90% of the initially excited singlets undergo SF in both forms. The initial SF and subsequent triplet pair dissociation rates are found to be more rapid in the monoclinic crystal by factors of 1.5 and 3.5, respectively. These results provide clear evidence that molecular organization affects the rates of triplet pair formation and separation, both important parameters for determining the ultimate utility of a SF material.

Singlet fission, in which an initially excited singlet state spontaneously splits into a pair of triplet excitons, is a process that can potentially boost the efficiency of solar energy conversion. The separate electronic bands in organic semiconductors make them especially useful for dividing a high-energy singlet exciton into a pair of lower-energy triplet excitons. Recent experiments illustrate the role of spin coherence in fission, while kinetic models are used to describe how triplet and singlet states interact on longer time scales. Despite insights gained from recent experiments, the detailed structure and dynamics of the electronic states involved in the initial step of singlet fission remain active areas of investigation. On longer time scales, finding ways to efficiently harvest the triplet excitons will be an important challenge for making devices based on this phenomenon. A full understanding of singlet fission requires consideration of a sequence of photophysical events (decoherence, relaxation, and diffusion) occurring on different time scales.

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The photophysical behavior of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon peropyrene is studied both in dilute solution and in the solid state, with the goal of evaluating this molecule as a singlet fission (SF) material. In solution, the fluorescence quantum yield is consistently in the range 0.90−0.95, while the fluorescence lifetime changes from 3.2 to 5.5 ns. Analysis of the solvent dependence of the radiative rate provides evidence that the bright 1 B u singlet state mixes with a second, optically dark state. The presence of a dark state slightly above the 1 B u state in energy is confirmed using two-photon fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The crystal structure of solid peropyrene consists of a herringbone arrangement of π-stacked molecular pairs, similar to the αpolymorph of perylene. There are two emitting species, centered at approximately 550 and 650 nm, both of which are formed within the 15 ps time resolution of the experiment, and which relax independently via biexponential decays. We find no evidence for rapid SF in the peropyrene crystals, most likely due to the large shift of the singlet state to lower energy where it no longer fulfills the energy condition for SF. These results demonstrate how both energetics and crystal packing influence the ability of a molecule to function as a SF material.

The combination of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals with 9-anthracene carboxylic acid ligands can sensitize triplet–triplet annihilation on the emitter molecule diphenylanthracene. This hybrid system has recently been shown to upconvert visible light (532 nm) to ultraviolet light (420 nm) (Huang, Z., et al. Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5552–5557). In the current paper, time-resolved photoluminescence measurements are used to characterize the kinetics of the energy transfer from the CdSe exciton state to the triplet state of the anthracene ligand. We find that 9-anthracene carboxylic acid binds to CdSe according to Poisson statistics with a maximum number of 2–3 ligands per nanocrystal. The CdSe-to-ligand energy transfer rate is 1.5 × 107 s–1. The overall efficiency of the energy transfer appears to be limited by the presence of fast nonradiative decay channels in the nanocrystals and the low coverage of anthracene ligands, resulting from the specific ligand exchange conditions used in this paper. Possible strategies for improving this component of the hybrid upconversion system are discussed in light of these results.

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