According to the 1997 American Internet User Survey and the Georgia Tech Research Corporation's WWW User Survey (1998) there are approximately 31 million American adults using computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), with 5 million of these users being African American (Hoffman & Novak, 1998). This colossal figure supports the general consensus that more and more Americans believe that a working knowledge of computer technology in general and the Internet and WWW in particular is essential for business, education, and personal applications. The data from the American Internet User Survey and Georgia Tech's Research Corporation's WWW User Survey also indicate that, as a group, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Pacific American adults make up less than 14% of these users. 1 The Internet and WWW data that are specific to African Americans are difficult to find. That is, quantifiable data concerning their use of computers, the Internet, and the WWW are virtually absent from the literature, and there are very few data concerning their attitudes toward computers, the Internet, and the WWW.The usage data that do exist describe a picture of privilege and segregation. For example, Brook and Boale (1995) and others (Anderson, Bikson, Law, & Mitchell, 1995) have found that those who are "surfing the superinformation highway" are typically well 398
During the 2003 outage at the Ringhals Nuclear Plant in Sweden, a leak was found in the vicinity of a Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) housing nozzle at Unit 1. Based on the ALARA principle for radioactive contamination, a unique repair process was developed. The repair system includes utilization of custom, remotely controlled GTAW-robots, a CNC cutting and finishing machine, snake-arm robots and NDE equipment. The success of the repair solution was based on performing the machining and welding operations from the inside of the SCRAM pipe through the CRDM housing since accessibility from the outside was extremely limited. Before the actual pipe replacement procedure was performed, comprehensive training programs were conducted. Training was followed by certification of equipment, staff and procedures during qualification tests in a full scale mock-up of the housing nozzle. Due to the ingenuity of the overall repair solution and training programs, the actual pipe replacement procedure was completed in less than half the anticipated time. As a result of the successful pipe replacement, the nuclear power plant was returned to normal operation.
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