Extreme environments, generally characterized by atypical temperatures, pH, pressure, salinity, toxicity, and radiation levels, are inhabited by various microorganisms specifically adapted to these particular conditions, called extremophiles. Among these, the microorganisms belonging to the Archaea domain are of significant biotechnological importance as their biopolymers possess unique properties that offer insights into their biology and evolution. Particular attention has been devoted to two main types of biopolymers produced by such peculiar microorganisms, that is, the extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), considered as a protection against desiccation and predation, and the endocellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that provide an internal reserve of carbon and energy. Here, we report the composition, biosynthesis, and production of EPSs and PHAs by different archaeal species.

The generic term "quorum sensing" has been adopted to describe the bacterial cell-to-cell communication mechanism which coordinates gene expression when the population has reached a high cell density. Quorum sensing depends on the synthesis of small molecules that diffuse in and out of bacterial cells. There are few reports about this mechanism in Archaea. We report the isolation and chemical characterization of small molecules belonging to class of diketopiperazines (DKPs) in Haloterrigena hispanica, an extremely halophilic archaeon. One of the DKPs isolated, the compound cyclo-(L-prolyl-L-valine) activated N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) bioreporters, indicating that Archaea may have the ability to interact with AHL-producing bacteria within mixed communities.

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Background: Conventional agriculture relies on chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which can degrade ecosystems. A reduction of these harmful practices is required, replacing (or integrating) them with more eco-friendly approaches, such as microbial inoculation. Tomato is an important agricultural product, with a high content of bioactive compounds (folate, ascorbate, polyphenols, and carotenoids). The focus of this research was to investigate the plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities of bacterial strains isolated from different tomato cultivars, with the aim to develop systems to improve plant health and crop productivity based on microbial inoculation. Methods:A pool of different tomato cultivars already available on the market and new tomato hybrids were selected based on their nutritional quality (high content of biologically active compounds). A total of 23 strains were isolated from tomato roots (11 rhizospheric strains and 12 root endophytes). The cultivable isolates were analyzed for a number of different PGP traits: organic acids (OA), indole acetic acid (IAA), ACC deaminase, and siderophore production. The effects of microbial inoculation on root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana were also evaluated using a Vertical Agar Plate assay. Results:A high percentage of the isolated strains tested positive for the following PGP traits: 73 % were able to produce OA, 89 % IAA, 83 % ACC deaminase, and 87 % siderophores. The most striking result were remarkable increases in the formation of root hairs for most of the inoculated plants. This effect was obvious for all A. thaliana seedlings inoculated with the isolated endophytes, and for the 50 % of the seedlings inoculated with the rhizospheric strains.

Sea environments harbor a wide variety of life forms that have adapted to live in hard and sometimes extreme conditions. Among the marine living organisms, extremophiles represent a group of microorganisms that attract increasing interest in relation to their ability to produce an array of molecules that enable them to thrive in almost every marine environment. Extremophiles can be found in virtually every extreme environment on Earth, since they can tolerate very harsh environmental conditions in terms of temperature, pH, pressure, radiation, etc. Marine extremophiles are the focus of growing interest in relation to their ability to produce biotechnologically useful enzymes, the so-called extremozymes. Thanks to their resistance to temperature, pH, salt, and pollutants, marine extremozymes are promising biocatalysts for new and sustainable industrial processes, thus representing an opportunity for several biotechnological applications. Since the marine microbioma, i.e., the complex of microorganisms living in sea environments, is still largely unexplored finding new species is a central issue for green biotechnology. Here we described the main marine environments where extremophiles can be found, some existing or potential biotechnological applications of marine extremozymes for biofuels production and bioremediation, and some possible approaches for the search of new biotechnologically useful species from marine environments.

The development of antimicrobial active packaging constitutes a powerful tool to reduce waste and increase quality standards of perishable goods. Among numerous available antimicrobial agents, essential oils stand out for their renowned efficiency, and their use is beneficial due to their sustainability compared to other oil-based antimicrobials. In this work, we report on the use of photo-responsive nanocapsules containing thyme essential oil as functional coatings for polyethylene and polylactic acid films to obtain antimicrobial active packaging. Polymer surface activation treatment enhanced compatibility with nanocapsules solution. The films were analyzed to assess the structural and functional properties of the coating, evaluate morphological changes due to their photo-responsive behavior, and monitor the light-induced release of volatile thyme oil. It was found that 24 h after a 15-min UV exposure of the coated films, the concentration of thyme oil in the headspace was eight times higher with respect to un-irradiated films, thus confirming the efficiency of the light-triggered release system. Therefore, the manufactured films are proposed as on-demand release devices for application in non-contact antimicrobial active packaging.

The objective of the present work was to establish the antioxidative ability linked to lipophilic, hydrophilic, and polyphenolic fractions of new tomato hybrids of industrial interest, grown in an outdoor field, named "Medugno", situated in the Agro-Nocerino Sarnese area (Province of Salerno, Campania Region, Italy). Antioxidant activities of lipophilic, hydrophilic, and polyphenolic extracts of tomato hybrids determined by the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods, respectively, showed the best results in hybrids obtained between the pure San Marzano and Black Tomato lines. Antioxidant activity tests, performed also on the San Marzano × Black Tomato hybrid (pulped tomatoes), indicated that the industrial transformation process of this new tomato hybrid did not cause a significant loss of antioxidant activity. The in vitro production of nitrite by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages J774A.1 performed on lipophilic extracts showed that only two hybrids (San Marzano × Black Tomato and Marmande × Black Tomato) inhibited, in a concentration-related manner, nitric oxide release. Results suggested that genotypic factors could determine the nutritional quality of tomato because of the content of biologically active compounds and their biosynthesis. Moreover, the new tomato hybrid achieved could have a potential for the agri-food industry because of its nutritional quality and because it lends itself in processes of industrial transformation.

Four bacterial strains belonging to the genera Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas and Photobacterium were isolated from the marine sponges Dysidea avara and Geodia cynodium. A Bacillus strain was isolated from Ircinia variabilis. A screening of molecules involved in quorum sensing (QS) was carried out by TLC-overlay and a new "plate T-streak" test. To analyze quorum quenching (QQ), a plate T-streak was performed with Chromobacterium violaceum. Strains of Vibrio isolated from both marine sponges and a strain of Photobacterium isolated from G. cynodium, activated QS bioreporters. A strain of Pseudoalteromonas isolated from D. avara showed QQ activity. Finally, it is reported that cyclic dipeptides isolated from strains of Vibrio sp. and Bacillus sp. (isolated from D. avara and I. variabilis, respectively) were involved in the QS mechanism. The simultaneous presence of bacteria that showed contrasting responses in bioassays for QS signal molecule synthesis in marine sponges could add an interesting dimension to the signalling interactions which may be happening in sponges.