5Transferring biomass-derived cyclic ketones like cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone to mono-condensed product by aldol self-condensation has great potential in synthesizing renewable high-density fuel. But the selectivity is low for many catalysts due to the rapid formation of di-condensed byproducts. Herein, MIL-101 encapsulating phosphotungstic acid was synthesized to catalyze the self-condensation with selectivity over 95%. PTA clusters are uniformly dispersed in MOF cages and decrease the empty space 10 (pore size), which provides both acidic sites and shape-selective capability. The optimal PTA amount decreases corresponding to the increase of reactant size. The shape-selectivity is also realized by changing the pore size of MOF, like from MIL-101 to MIL-100. Moreover, the catalyst is resistant to PTA leaching and performs stably after 5 runs. After hydrodeoxygnation of mono-condensed product, high-density biofuels with density of 0.867 g/ml and 0.887 g/ml were obtained from cyclopentanone and 15 cyclohexanone, respectively. This work not only provides a promising way for high-density biofuel but also suggests the advantage of MOF-based catalysts for shape-selective catalysis involving large reactant. 65 which are accessible through microporous windows of 12 and 16 Å (MIL-101) and 5.5 and 8.6 Å (MIL-100), respectively. 14 The larger cage of MOF compared with zeolite allows many modification chances like encapsulating large catalytic molecules such as heteropolyacids, inorganic nano-particles and 70 metalloporphyrins. 15 MIL-101 encapsulating heteropolyacids are active in many reactions such as knoevenagel condensation, esterification, dehydration of methanol, alkene epoxidation, oxidative desulfurization, glucose and fructose dehydration to 5hydroxymethylfurfural, aldol condensation, baeyer condensation 75 and alcoholysis of styrene oxide, 16 but in most cases these MOFbased heteropolyacid catalysts do not show obvious advantage

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Methylcyclopentadiene dimer and trimer based fuels are synthesized from 5-methyl furfural for the first time with yield as high as 74.4%. They exhibit both high density and high thermal stability...

We tackle in this review the use of a subset of polymer brushes (e.g., polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes) for the embedment of inorganic NPs to make composite surfaces/NPs with specific functions.

Renewable high-density spiro-fuels are synthesized from lignocellulose-derived cyclic ketones for the first time, which show higher density, higher neat heat of combustion and lower freezing point compared with other biofuels synthesized from the same feedstock, and thus represent a new type of renewable high-density fuel attractive for practical applications.

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