New technologies continue to provide new opportunities for social science. However, psychology has predominantly focused its attention on how new technologies may harm large sections of the population. Despite these efforts, history has repeatedly demonstrated that as a technology becomes mass-adopted, early concerns are shown to be overinflated and then inaccurate. Here, we argue that psychological science has become a victim of its own biases. This has led to a cycle of theoretical development built on poor conceptual and methodological foundations. Ironically, while psychological science is best posed to understand, and potentially mitigate the impacts of new technology, it has comparatively little to contribute compared to analogous disciplines. We conclude by providing some recommendations on how the discipline can become more productive, break free of current research cycles, and make stronger theoretical and applied contributions in the future.
In one of the first analyses of its kind, this chapter examines how the tools and heuristics of narratology (the study of narrative) might enhance the study of anticipation. It assesses whether narratological insights into the ways in which stories narrate and readers read might enable us to tell better stories about the future and at the same time to become better readers of the possible worlds that such stories anticipate. Investigating the theory and praxis of anticipation across a broad temporal range of possible (fictional) and actual (real) world models and narratives (from antiquity to postmodernity), it scopes some of the pitfalls and possibilities opened up by treating the future as 'storied'. It engages with the latest studies on cognitive narratology, possible worlds theories, and so-called 'future narratives', examining anticipatory narratives particularly relating to the environment and to the self. It argues that the stories we tell about the future, including our future selves, must be open, multi-linear, and multi-dimensional in order to avoid anticipatory backshadowing, which forecasts the future as a continuation of the past and present. Narrative shapes our knowledge and understanding of the world-our past, present, and future. Narratology explains how narrative does this. Narratology has been characterized as a science, as a methodology, as a theory, and as a humanities discipline, combining both theory and praxis in the formal, rhetorical, and critical analysis of textual discourse across a broad spectrum of different genres and media (Meister 2014). Alongside its various theoretical schools (formalist, structuralist, post-structuralist, etc.) narratology has produced many sub-disciplines in recent years (cognitive, feminist, computational, etc.),
This book explores the extraordinary contribution that classical poetics has made to twentieth- and twenty-first-century theories of narrative. Its aim is not to argue that modern narratologies simply present ‘old wine in new wineskins’, but to identify the diachronic affinities shared between ancient and modern stories about storytelling, recognizing that modern narratologists bring particular expertise to bear upon ancient literary theory and offer valuable insights into the interpretation of some notoriously difficult texts. By interrogating ancient and modern narratologies through the mutually imbricating dynamics of their reception it aims to arrive at a better understanding of both. Each chapter selects a key moment in the history of narratology on which to focus, zooming in from an overview of significant phases to look at core theories and texts—from the Russian formalists, Chicago school neo-Aristotelians, through the prestructuralists, structuralists, and poststructuralists, to the latest unnatural and antimimetic narratologists. The reception history that thus unfolds offers some remarkable plot twists. It unmasks Plato as an unreliable narrator and theorist, and offers a rare glimpse of Aristotle putting narrative theory into practice in the role of storyteller in his work On Poets. In Horace’s Ars Poetica and in the works of ancient scholia critics and commentators it locates a rhetorically conceived poetics and a sophisticated reader-response-based narratology evincing a keen interest in audience affect and cognition—and anticipating the cognitive turn in narratology’s mot recent postclassical phase.
For most science writers and theorists, the history of the cyborg begins in 1960 with a neologism coined by the research scientist Manfred Clynes and the clinical psychiatrist Nathan Kline to refer to a technologically enhanced man or ‘cybernetic organism’ — a fusion of organism, machine, and code — capable of surviving and working in hostile alien environments. This chapter examines what constitutes feminist science by dissecting the work of Donna Haraway and the modern myth of the ‘cyborg’. It shows how the utopia of feminist science fiction is modelled upon ancient myths of hybridity, but at the same time seeks to distance itself from that ancient legacy. In her ground-breaking and now ‘classic’ analysis of feminism in the post-modern Western world, ‘A Cyborg Manifesto’, Haraway proposes some provocative ways of rethinking human subjectivity, invoking the term ‘cyborg’ as a metaphor for the late 20th-century subject.
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