Diatoms are an important component of marine biofilms found on ship hulls. However, there are only a few published studies that describe the presence and abundance of diatoms on ships, and none that relate to modern ship hull coatings. This study investigated the diatom community structure on two in-service cruise ships with the same cruise cycles, one coated with an antifouling (AF) system (copper self-polishing copolymer) and the other coated with a silicone fouling-release (FR) system. Biofilm samples were collected during dry docking from representative areas of the ship and these provided information on the horizontal and vertical zonation of the hull, and intact and damaged coating and niche areas. Diatoms from the genera Achnanthes, Amphora and Navicula were the most common, regardless of horizontal ship zonation and coating type. Other genera were abundant, but their presence was more dependent on the ship zonation and coating type. Samples collected from damaged areas of the hull coating had a similar community composition to undamaged areas, but with higher diatom abundance. Diatom fouling on the niche areas differed from that of the surrounding ship hull and paralleled previous studies that investigated differences in diatom community structure on static and dynamically exposed coatings; niche areas were similar to static immersion and the hull to dynamic immersion. Additionally, diatom richness was greater on the ship with the FR coating, including the identification of several new genera to the biofouling literature, viz. Lampriscus and Thalassiophysa. These results are the first to describe diatom community composition on in-service ship hulls coated with a FR system. This class of coatings appears to have a larger diatom community compared to copper-based AF systems, with new diatom genera that have the ability to stick to ship hulls and withstand hydrodynamic forces, thus creating the potential for new problematic species in the biofilm.
Dry docking is the scheduled time when the fouling control coating is assessed, the hull refurbished, and new coatings applied. The decisions made during this period will affect the performance of the ship for several years. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. has funded research at the Florida Institute of Technology to develop a strategy to improve the selection, application, and management of ship hull coatings. The purpose of the research was threefold: establish an in-house baseline of performance to improve selection, maintenance, and life cycle costs of the different commercially available coatings; improve quality control of dry-dock procedures to include surface preparation and coating application; and insure that the ships are operating in compliance with both local and international regulations. The paper will present the methods that are available to measure specific aspects of the dry-dock process and how this data may be used for quality control and coating selection.
IADC Members Abstract As a result of marine disasters in the Offshore Petroleum Industry, there has been an increased Petroleum Industry, there has been an increased emphasis on the training of marine safety. The U.S. Coast Guard has proposed licensing requirements for the Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs) that will mandate training i the enclose lifeboat (covered powered survival craft) and survival suits. An powered survival craft) and survival suits. An analysis will be made of the traditional training currently implemented, international standards of training, recently proposed Coast Guard required training, and how to determine task analysis for this type of training. We will look at methods of validating objectives and training alon with the practicality of hands on training with actual practicality of hands on training with actual equipment in the work environment versus simulation. The relationship of formal training and the currently required drills will be discussed and how they can effectively complement each other. The methods of research included historical evidence, behavioral studies into training, current recognized standards of training, and field surveys. Also, a case study using a pre-test, and a random selected subgroup for a performance re-test will be analyzed. The study performance re-test will be analyzed. The study identifies needed training and concludes that the emphasized principle of instruction should be: a simple presentation; the concentration on fundamentals; the minimization of lecture; and the provision of hands-on practice. Safety limitations provision of hands-on practice. Safety limitations will dictate ho realistic any training can approximate the actual tasks and conditions to test the students skills. A combination of actual and simulated hands-on exercise along with classroom instruction will optimize the learning procedure. For maximum retention formal training should be reinforced with regularly scheduled drills and instruction at the work site. Feedback is the key to analyzing the effectiveness of the training. Introduction As the Petroleum Industry gradually expanded their operations fro land to the offshore environment, there became a need for new skills to work in the marine atmosphere. The U.S. Coast Guard looked at Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs) as vessels and required a number of lifeboatmen be on board as they do with any sea going vessel. The traditional training for a lifeboatman in the marine industry is to gain a number of years experience at sea, demonstrate his ability to operate an oar-propelled lifeboat an take a written examination. This testing process is supplemented by weekly drills on the vessel to reinforce the crews skills. The unique operation and hazards associated with the Offshore Petroleum Industry has led to the use of the covered powered survival craft which looks quite alien to the traditional lifeboat still seen on ocean going commercial vessels. Historically disasters have proceeded any change in the marine industry. No one thought of requiring a vessel to maintain sufficient lifeboat capacity for all people on board passenger ships until the Titanic sank. Unfortunately, the Offshore Petroleum Industry has had its share of disasters which has caused us to reevaluate our training. The U.S. Coast Guard's marine casualty report for the Ocean Express (1976) concluded that: "Training and drills pertaining to abandonment of the Ocean Express and the use of lifesaving appliances and equipment were inadequate. This resulted in the crew being unfamiliar with the operation of lifesaving equipment, emergency procedures and lack of knowledge as to the availability of certain emergency equipment within the capsule." Years later, a Marine Board again came to the same conclusion about the lack of training of offshore installations. In the marine casualty report for the Ocean Ranger (USCG 1983), the Board concluded that: P. 27
Dry docking is the scheduled time when the fouling control coating is assessed, the hull refurbished and new coatings applied. The decisions made during this period will affect the performance of the ship for several years. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. has funded research at the Florida Institute of Technology to develop a strategy to improve their selection, application and management of ship hull coatings. The purpose of the research was threefold: establish an in-house baseline of performance to improve selection, maintenance and life cycle costs of the different commercially available coatings; improve quality control of dry dock procedures to include surface preparation and coating application; and insure that the ships are operating in compliance with both local and international regulations. The paper will present the methods that have been developed to measure specific aspects of the dry dock process and how this data may be used for quality control and coating selection.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.