Participants viewed one of six video-recorded versions of a rape victim's testimony, role-played by a professional actress in one of six versions: Two versions of the testimony, representing a strong and a less strong rape scenario, were given in a free-recall manner with one of three kinds of emotions displayed, termed congruent, neutral and incongruent emotional expressions. Credibility judgements were strongly influenced by the emotions displayed, but not by the content of the story. When video watching was compared to reading a transcript of the testimony, results indicated that perceived credibility was reduced when the witness displayed neutral or incongruent emotions. Story content and displayed emotion contributed equally to estimates of the probability of a guilty verdict. We conclude that perception of credibility is strongly influenced by social stereotypes regarding appropriate emotional expression.

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This study examined the impact of mood, information framing, and need for cognition on participants' amount of recall and level of confidence in a simulated businessdecision-making setting. No main effect was obtained for either positive or negative mood. However, in support of the congruity-incongruity hypothesis, participants who received mood-congruent framing information (positive mood/positive framing and negative mood/negative framing) showed significantly better recall and were significantly less overconfident than those who received mood-incongruent framing information (positive mood/negative framing and negative mood/positive framing). Yet, congruity-incongruity effects were moderated by decision makers' need for cognition and were obtained only among participants' with a lower cognitive processing requirement.

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